Church History II Survey Session #7 Ch 31 The Golden Age of Medieval Christianity The Church in the Middle Ages. Waldensian Church of Florence, Italy

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1 Church History II Survey Session #7 Ch 31 The Golden Age of Medieval Christianity The Church in the Middle Ages 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute The Papal Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi Begun in 1298 AD Burial place of Francis of Assisi World Heritage Site since Waldensian Church of Florence, Italy 1

2 Session 7 Ch 31 The Golden Age of Medieval Christianity Overview of Session p. 301 Introduction p The Mendicant Orders p One Flock Under One Shepherd p Theological Activity Scholasticism p Stones That Bear a Witness The thirteenth century was the high point of medieval civilization. With Innocent III, the papacy reached the apex of its power. Europe was united under the pope and the emperor. However, nationalism, war, plague, corruption, and invasion would shatter the dreams of the thirteenth century and open the way for a new order. Justo Gonzales, TSOC, p

3 Opening Prayer A Prayer of Francis of Assisi Lord, make me an instrument of Your peace. Where there is hatred, let me sow love; where there is injury, pardon; where there is doubt, faith; where there is despair, hope; where there is darkness, light; and where there is sadness, joy. O, Divine Master, grant that I may not so much seek to be consoled as to console; to be understood as to understand; to be loved as to love; for it is in giving that we receive; it is in pardoning that we are pardoned; and it is in dying that we are born to eternal life. Francis of Assisi 3

4 The Mendicant Orders, p mendicants those who live by begging The Waldensians, p. 302 Circa 1160 AD Founded by Peter Waldo (Valdez) merchant of Lyons Devoted to life of poverty and preaching By 1170 AD developed large following AD Commission French New Testament (First NT in vernacular language other than Latin) 1179 AD Ministry explained to Papal Court and prohibited, Statue of Peter Waldo at the Luther Memorial at Worms, Germany Burning of Waldensians in Toulouse in 1211 AD persecuted as heretics from 13 th to 17 th century Made strong condemnations of the Papacy s excesses, dogmas such as transubstantiation, prayers for the dead, infant baptism, and purgatory. Accused Roman Church of being the harlot of The Revelation AD Withdrew to Italian, Swiss, German, and French alps; excommunication and persecution (1545 massacre) Eventually befriended by John Calvin and joined the Genevan protestants early in the Reformation Limited numbers of congregations still exist in Europe, North America, and South America 4

5 Merindol Illustrations depicting Waldensians as witches in Le champion des dames, by Martin Le France, 1451 Provence is a region of France bordering Italy 1545 AD French Parliament of Provence Issues Arret of Merindol supported by the French King Francis I and Pope Paul III Mérindol plaque "In memory of the Waldensians who died for their faith". 5

6 The Mendicant Orders, p Francis (Francesco) of Assisi, p. 302 ( AD) Born in Assisi, Italy of wealthy merchant family Given to high spirited worldly life, spent time as soldier and a captive 1204 AD he turned against his worldly life and was strongly opposed by his father, Pietro whom he eventually renounced Francis of Assisi Founder Statue by Carlo Monaldi, 1727 St Peter;s Basilica, Rome Assisi Assisi, Italy founded in 1000 BC, Became Christian in 238 AD Lived as a beggar, restored several local churches near Assisi 1209 AD hears sermon form Mt. 10:7 10 that changes his life and devotes himself to Christ and life of poverty Clad only in a rough garment and barefooted, he begins preaching repentance He and his followers were not ordained as priests, had only one rule To follow the teachings of our Lord Jesus Christ and to walk in his footsteps. Request to found new order supported by Bishop of Assisi and cardinal. Pope Innocent III agrees to provisional order AD Order of Lesser Brothers (Friars Minor) established, which became known as the Franciscan Order. Today the Franciscan Order is world wide with approximately 16,000 members. 6

7 The Mendicant Orders, p Additional facts about Francis and the Franciscans 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute St. Francis is one of the most acclaimed religious figures in Roman Catholic history AD went to Egypt and crossed crusader battle lines to meet the Sultan Al Kamil (Kurdish) whom he attempted to convert. Al Kamil was so impressed with Francis that he allowed him to visit Jerusalem and Franciscans were allowed to guard Christian holy sites (Custodian of the Holy Land} 1220 AD created the first living nativity near Assisi Franciscans become major missionary force within the Roman Catholic Church. Fresco of the Poor Clares Sisters founded by Francis in 1212 Clare of Assisi AD Burial place of Clare of Assisi constructed in 1872 AD 7

8 Quotes by Francis of Assisi 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute He who works with his hands is a laborer. He who works with his hands and his head is a craftsman. He who works with his hands and his head and his heart is an artist." "A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks out. "The deeds you do may be the only sermon some persons will hear today" "Nor did demons crucify Him; it is you who have crucified Him and crucify Him still, when you delight in your vices and sins. " "Keep trying to do what is necessary, then what's possible and suddenly you're doing the impossible." "I have been all things unholy. If God can work through me, He can work through anyone." 8

9 The Franciscan Friary and Basilica of San Francisco, Assisi, Italy 9

10 The Mendicant Orders, p Dominic of Osma Founder Statue by Pierre Le Gros, 1706 St Peter;s Basilica, Rome Bologna 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute Dominic of Osma, p ( AD) Born in Osma, Spain 1216 AD Founded the Order of Preachers (Dominicans) in France to preach gospel and combat heresy, focus on education and training Set up headquarters in Rome, then Bologna (oldest university city in the world from 1088 AD), but traveled widely Dominicans established centers at Oxford and Paris Though Dominic himself was not an Inquisitor, Dominicans did become Inquisitors in the 14 th and 15 th centuries AD died of exhaustion in Bologna; remains are in the Basilica of Bologna Bologna, Italy founded in 5 th cent. BC, 1294 AD 5 th largest city in Europe, approx 65,000 inhabitants 10

11 One Flock Under One Shepherd, p Whether the emperor should appoint the pope or the pope the emperor continues through the 11 th, 12 th, and 13 th centuries. It was under Pope Innocent III that Christendom most nearly approached the ideal ( in the Roman Catholic Church s view) of being one flock under one shepherd the pope. Justo Gonzales, p. 310 The13 th century marks the high point of papal political authority under Boniface VIII (p. 311) Quote from his papal announcement (bull) Unam Sanctum (one Body) One sword must be under the other and temporal authority must be subject to the spiritual. Therefore, if earthly power strays from the right path, it is to be judged by the spiritual. But, if the supreme spiritual authority strays (the pope), it can only be judged by God and not by humans. We further declare, affirm, and define that it is absolutely necessary for salvation that all human creatures be under the Roman pontiff. Boniface VIII Papal Bull, Unam Sanctam, 18 Nov

12 Theological Activity Scholasticism, p Theological training : Monasteries cathedral schools universities Scholasticism a method of learning and theological reasoning developed in the 11 th through 15 th centuries. Methodology based on dialectical reasoning (dialogue between persons with differing views to resolve difference and reach agreement) Aim attempts to harmonize various "authorities and views of the Christian tradition Two developments had major impact on development of scholasticism: 1) growth of universities and 2) reintroduction of teachings of Aristotle (particularly logic), p Forerunners of scholasticism Anselm, Abelard, Lombard Other theologians of note: Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas 12

13 Anselm of Canterbury (c April 1109 AD) Ontological (being) argument for proving the existence of God. God must have become incarnate in Christ, because a finite, imperfect man could not die for infinite sin to satisfy the wrath and perfect holiness of God. Most important forerunner of Scholasticism Use of reason in matters of faith to affirm beliefs (p. 313) Born in Italy Jesus Christ s death must therefore Benedictine monk be substitutionary, Christ died in Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 our place for us (Ga. 5:13). to 1109 Exiled from England 1097 to 1100 and 1105 to 1107 under Henry I of England due to lay investiture dispute. 13

14 Peter (Pierre) Abelard (c AD) Condemned as heretic by Bernard of Clairvaux for his inappropriate use of reason (p. 314) Main work, Yes and No. 158 theological questions showing the various and often conflicting authorities. Abelard wrongly advocated the Moral Encouragement View of the atonement. Abelard believed the death was Christ was primarily a moral example in which Jesus death on the Cross was a supreme example of love. (This is an incomplete view). Viewed substitutionary atonement as cruel, unjust, and unnecessary. Abelard s view is seen in the doctrine of Socinians (anti Trinitarian), Unitarians, and Christian liberals.). 14

15 Peter Lombard (c July 20, 1160 AD) Born in NW Italy Poor parents, educated in cathedral schools Disciple of Bernard of Clairvaux Taught at Notre Dame Wrote commentaries on Psalms and the epistles. Four Books of Sentences. Early systematic theology treatise presenting authorities for major theological topics. Four Books became a standard theological reference in Europe during the Middle Ages. Developed doctrine of the seven sacraments as means of grace. Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Penance Unction Orders Matrimony 15

16 Albert the Great (c 1193/1206 Nov 15, 1280 AD) Born in Bavaria to noble parents Dominican, Bishop of Regensburg Discipled Thomas Aquinas Dante calls him one of the great lovers of wisdom in the Inferno Writings make up 38 volumes Had encyclopedic knowledge of all disciplines Believed there were no contradictions between faith and science Cited the limits of reason (e.g. the proof of creation out of nothing) Believed philosophy operated on principles separate from revelation Student of astrology in accordance with the times 16

17 Albert the Great (c 1193/1206 Nov 15, 1280 AD) Born in Bavaria to noble parents Dominican, Bishop of Regensburg Discipled Thomas Aquinas Dante calls him one of the great lovers of wisdom in the Inferno Writings make up 38 volumes Had encyclopedic knowledge of all disciplines Believed there were no contradictions between faith and science Cited the limits of reason (e.g. the proof of creation out of nothing) Believed philosophy operated on principles separate from revelation Student of astrology in accordance with the times 17

18 Thomas Aquinas ( March 1274 AD) 1225 AD Born in Aquino, Italy of noble parents 1230 AD At age 5, began education at Mount Cassino abbey 1244 AD Became Dominican monk in spite of parents desire for him to become a Benedictine monk 1274 AD Attempted to reconcile the Western and Eastern churches in Theologian, not a philosopher. Roman Catholic Church s greatest theologian Believe man s intellect could be moved by God to understand, but man s mind could understand many things without divine revelation Believed truth is known by reason and faith by supernatural revelation Faith and reason, while distinct but related, are the two primary tools for processing the data of theology. Divine Wisdom judged it fitting that God should become man, so that thus one and the same person would be able both to restore man and to offer satisfaction. Summa Theologica, one of the most influential works of Western literature 18