Multimedia & RTP & multimedia architectures H323
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1 Multimedia & RTP & multimedia architectures H323 C. Pham University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 RTP slides from Gordon Chaffee 1
2 What is Multimedia? Apps that involve more than conventional data types (e.g., text, drawing and images) Best examples are continuous media (e.g., animations, audio, and video) Called continuous media because of time basis Do not confuse with hypertext/hypermedia hyper implies linking Eventually all apps will include hypermedia 2
3 Example Applications hypermedia courseware video-on-demand interactive television audio/video conferencing (GroupWare) VoIP, IP telephony virtual worlds games multimedia authoring digital libraries web audio/video postproduction 3
4 Protocols for multimedia Audio or contents have stronger constraints (delay, bandwidth, synchronization) than FTP or WEB traffic They usually require a whole architecture that defines: The way the content in coded (coding schemes) The way data will be transported (transport protocols) The way QoS can be expressed Do forget what you ve learned in QoS, the same mechanisms will be used: scheduling, admission control, policing 4
5 RTP Overview Transport protocol for real-time data Primarily used for audio and video Network independent (IP, ATM, etc) Services provided Payload type identification Payload independent sequence numbering Payload dependent timestamping Out of band control/information/feedback channel Services not provided Delivery, QoS guarantees 5
6 Principles Lightweight Sessions No centralized group membership control Application Level Framing (ALF) Guideline for defining application protocols 6
7 Lightweight Sessions Model No explicit control of group membership Participants just join multicast group No explicit conference control Members with data send it Quasi-periodic session packets Identity, reception reports, synchronization info Fits well with multicast model Contrasts with H.320 session protocol 7
8 Application Level Framing (ALF) Clark and Tennenhouse, 1990 (MIT) Clark and Tennenhouse, 1990 Application semantics reflected in the communication protocol Do not put functions where they are not universally needed TCP semantics do not always reflect application needs Application might not need reliability Application might not need in order delivery 8
9 ALF (cont d) Application controls packetization Create idempotent Application Data Units (ADUs) Each ADU can be processed independently Fit ADUs into single network packet (if possible) 10
10 ALF Example Application ignores network framing (i.e. TCP) IP Packet IP Packet IP Packet IP Packet IP Packet Frame Frame Frame Frame Frame Frame Frame Application frames data to fit into network layer packets (i.e. UDP without fragmentation) IP Packet IP Packet IP Packet IP Packet IP Packet IP Packet IP Packet Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6 Frame 7 11
11 Joint Source/Channel Coding Principle Corollary to ALF It is important to account for the transmission channel when designing a source coding algorithm Network aware source coding algorithm Modify algorithms to produce idempotent data Loss of packet has little impact 12
12 Standard H.261 Algorithm Block transform algorithm Similar to JPEG, MPEG Precursor to H.263+ Predictive system Differential encoding between frame N and frame N-1 Motion compensated blocks Assumes non-lossy channel (e.g. ISDN) If data loss... Resynchronizes on next Group of Blocks (GOB) Reconstruction errors persist in decoder 13
13 1. Compute difference between Input Frame blocks and Reference Frame blocks Input Frame Standard H.261 Example Encode differences between blocks using DCT and quantization Reference Frame Encode + Decode Transmission Medium 3. Send encoded difference data over transmission medium. H.261 assumes the transmission medium is serial and not lossy. If loss occurs, H.261 does not work well. Predictive System Decode 4. Decode difference and add to reference frame to compute Output Frame. Output Frame is now the new Reference Frame. + Reference Frame Output Frame 14
14 RTP Data channel RTCP RTP Components Control and information channel 17
15 RTP General framework for data delivery ALF principal reflected in hierarchical structure Requires profile (such as Audio-) Requires payload format (mpeg, mjpeg, H.261, pcm) Extensible headers A/V Profile RTP H.261 MPEG Layered PCM Audio LPC PVH LDCT HVQ 18
16 RTP Packet Header Version Padding Extension Contributing Source Count Marker Payload Format Sequence Number Monotonically Increasing Timestamp Media Specific Synchronization Source Identifier (SSRC) Original Source or Mixer Identifier Contributing Source Identifier (CSRC).... Mixers may combine multiple senders Optional Header Extension 19
17 RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) Feedback/Information channel Announce-Listen protocol Soft-state Tracks participants using sender and receiver reports Monitors quality of data delivery Provides for stream synchronization 20
18 RTCP Scalability RTCP Control Traffic (5%) RTP Data Traffic (95%) Uses 5% of session bandwidth Shared by all participants 25% allocated to senders 75% allocated to receivers Scaling characteristics Receiver messages (75%) Sender messages (25%) Reports sent periodically with random delay Period based on estimated number of participants 21
19 RTCP Example Receiver Reports contain this information 22
20 RTCP Transmission Interval Interval dependent on number of members Counting session members Table entry for each new RTP source identifier seen Member marked inactive after 5 intervals without a new message Do not remove from table in case of network partitions Source description (SDES) bandwidth allocation Send some information frequently (e.g. name) Send other information less frequently (e.g. address) 23
21 RTCP Messages Required for multicast transmissions Diagnostic tool Control feedback can cause sender to change send rate Packet types RR: Receiver Report SR: Sender Report SDES: Source Description BYE: End of Participation APP: Application Specific 24
22 RTCP Sender Report Header Sender Info V=2 P Reception Report Count Packet Type=SR=200 Length Synchronization Source Identifier (SSRC) of Sender NTP Timestamp, Most Significant Word NTP Timestamp, Least Significant Word RTP Timestamp Sender s Packet Count Maps format specific timestamp to wall clock time. Used to synchronize different media streams. Sender s Octet Count Report Blocks Report Blocks and Profile Specific Extensions Report blocks used in both Sender and Receiver Reports 25
23 RTCP Reception Report Blocks Synchronization Source Identifier 1 (SSRC_1) Fraction Lost Cumulative Number of Packets Lost Extended Highest Sequence Number Received Interarrival Jitter Last Sender Report (LSR) Delay Since Last Sender Report (DLSR) Synchronization Source Identifier 2 (SSRC_2)... 26
24 RTCP Discussion Receiver and sender reports are combined Receiver report includes statistics on every sender received in the last period Scaling problems Many receivers joining at nearly the same time No aggregation of reports 27
25 Norme ITU H.323 ITU Développe des normes pour des réseaux ne garantissant pas une qualité de service (QoS). H.321 adaptation de H.320 du terminal de visiophonie en environnement B-ISDN. H.322 systèmes et terminaux de visiophonie pour réseaux locaux avec qualité de service garantie. H.323 est une norme portant sur les systèmes de visiophonie utilisant les réseaux LAN et pour l Internet, ces réseaux sont à qualité de service non garantie. H.324 transmission multimédia sur réseau téléphonique à moins de 20 Kb/s. 28
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