The Muscular System PART C. PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College

Transcription

1 PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Muscular System 6 PART C

2 Five Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Activity Table 6.2

3 IV. Muscles and Body Movements A. Types of Body Movements - every skeletal muscle is attached to bone or other connective tissue at no fewer than 2 points - Origin is attached to the immovable or less movable bone - Insertion is attachment to a moveable bone - the insertion moves towards the origin

4 Muscles and Body Movements Figure 6.12

5 Types of Ordinary Body Movements Flexion Decreases the angle of the joint Brings two bones closer together Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow Extension Opposite of flexion Increases angle between two bones

6 Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13a

7 Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13b

8 Types of Ordinary Body Movements Rotation Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis Common in ball-and-socket joints Example is when you move atlas around the dens of axis (shake your head no )

9 Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13c

10 Types of Ordinary Body Movements Abduction Movement of a limb away from the midline Adduction Opposite of abduction Movement of a limb toward the midline

11 Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13d

12 Types of Ordinary Body Movements Circumduction Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction Common in ball-and-socket joints

13 Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13d

14 Special Movements Dorsiflexion Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin Plantar flexion Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)

15 Special Movements Figure 6.13e

16 Special Movements Inversion Turn sole of foot medially Eversion Turn sole of foot laterally

17 Special Movements Figure 6.13f

18 Special Movements Supination Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly Pronation Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly

19 Special Movements Figure 6.13g

20 Special Movements Opposition Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand

21 Special Movements Figure 6.13h

22 B. Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body Prime mover muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement Antagonist muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover Synergist muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement Fixator stabilizes the origin of a prime mover

23 C. Naming Skeletal Muscles 1. By direction of muscle fibers Example: Rectus (straight) 2. By relative size of the muscle Example: Maximus (largest)

24 Naming Skeletal Muscles 3. By location of the muscle Example: Frontalis (covers frontal bone) 4. By number of origins Example: Biceps (two heads)

25 Naming Skeletal Muscles 5. By location of the muscle s origin and insertion Example: Sternocleidomastoid (on the sternum/clavicle & mastoid process) 6. By shape of the muscle Example: Deltoid (triangular) 7. By action of the muscle Example: adductor group muscles cause the thigh to adduct bring back)

26 *Identify the naming of skeletal muscles 1. Occipitalis 2. Flexor Carpi 3. Rectus Abdominis 4. External Obliques 5. Sternocleidomastoid 6. Trapezius 7. Triceps Brachii 8. Gluteus Minimus 9. Adductor Longus 10. Brachialis

27 V. Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles A. Head & Neck Muscles 1. Facial Muscles * Frontalis covers the frontal bone - raises eyebrows * Occipitalis covers occipital bone - pulls scalp posteriorly * Orbicularis oculi circles the eyes - closes eyes, squints, blinks, winks * Orbicularis oris circles the mouth - closes mouth and protrudes the lips/ kissing muscle

28 * Buccinator runs horizontally across cheeks - flattens the cheek to aid in chewing * Zygomaticus from corner of mouth to zygomatic bone - raises corners of the mouth/ smiling muscle

29 2. Chewing muscles * Masseter from zygomatic process to the mandible - closes jaw by elevating mandible - prime mover in chewing (mastication) * Temporalis fan-shaped muscle overlying temporal bone - acts as a synergist to the masseter in closing the jaw

30 3. Neck Muscles * Platysma single sheetlike muscle/covers anterolateral neck - pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly/frown * Sternocleidomastoid on each side of neck - flexes the neck & rotates the head

31 Head and Neck Muscles Figure 6.15

32 B. Trunk Muscles 1. Anterior muscles * Pectoralis major fan-shaped/covering upper part of chest - adducts & flexes the arm * Intercostals deep muscles found between the ribs - External intercostals - raise rib cage during inhalation - Internal intercostals - depress the rib cage to move air out of the lungs when you exhale forcibly

33 Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm Figure 6.16a

34 * Rectus abdominis from pubis to rib cage enclosed in an aponeuroses - flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal contents (defecation, childbirth, forced breathing) * External Obliques makes up lateral walls of abdomen - flex vertebral column; rotate trunk & bend it laterally * Internal Obliques deep to the external obliques * Transversus abdominis deepest muscle of abdomen fibers run horizontally - compresses abdominal contents

35 Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm Figure 6.16b

36 2. Posterior Muscles * Trapezius posterior neck & upper trunk - extends the head/elevates, depresses, adducts, and stabilizes the scapula * Latissimus dorsi covers the lower back - extends and adducts the humerus * Erector spinae 3 paired muscles deep in the back - back extension * Quadratus lumborum forms part of posterior ab wall - flexes the spine laterally * Deltoid forms rounded shape of shoulder - arm abduction - common site for intramuscular injections

37 Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm Figure 6.17a

38 Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm Figure 6.17b

39 C. Muscles of the Upper Limb 1. Muscles of the Humerus That Act on the Forearm * Biceps Brachii anterior upper arm - flexes elbow & supinates forearm * Brachialis deep to the biceps - flexes elbow * Triceps Brachii posterior upper arm - extends elbow (antagonist to biceps brachii) - boxer s muscle * Flexor/Extensor Carpi forearm - flexes & extends wrist * Flexor/Extensor Digitorum forearm - flexes & extends digits/fingers

40 Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm Figure 6.16a

41 Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm Figure 6.17a

42 D. Muscles of the Lower Limb 1. Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint * Gluteus Maximus flesh of buttocks/superficial - hip extension * Gluteus Medius mostly deep to the maximus - hip abduction, steadies pelvis when walking - common site for intramuscular injections * iliopsoas deep in pelvis - hip flexion, keeps the upper body from falling backward when standing erect - composed of two muscles iliacus & psoas major * Adductor muscles medial thigh - adduct thigh

43 Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh Figure 6.19a

44 Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh Figure 6.19c

45 2. Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint * Hamstring Group posterior thigh - thigh extension and knee flexion * Sartorius runs obliquely across the anterior thigh/ superficial - thigh flexion/ tailor s muscle * Quadriceps Group anterior thigh - knee extension

46 Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh Figure 6.19a

47 Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh Figure 6.19c

48 3. Muscles causing movement at ankle and foot * Tibialis Anterior anterior leg - dorsiflexes & inverts the foot *Extensor Digitorum Longus lateral to the tibialis anterior - extends toes & dorsiflexes foot * Fibularis Muscles lateral leg - plantar flexes & everts foot * Gastrocnemius posterior leg - plantar flexes foot/ toe dancer s muscle/prime mover - calcaneal or Achilles tendon * Soleus deep to the gastrocnemius - plantar flexes foot/synergist

49 Muscles of the Lower Leg Figure 6.20a

50 Muscles of the Lower Leg Figure 6.20b

51 Superficial Muscles: Anterior Figure 6.21

52 Superficial Muscles: Posterior Figure 6.22

53

54

55 Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body Table 6.3 (1 of 3)

56 Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body Table 6.3 (2 of 3)

57 Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body Table 6.3 (3 of 3)

58 Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body Table 6.4 (1 of 3)

59 Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body Table 6.4 (2 of 3)

60 Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body Table 6.4 (3 of 3)

61 Intramuscular Injection Sites Figure 6.18, 6.19b, d

62 Antagonist Groups 1. Zygomaticus vs. Platysma - smiling vs. frowning 2. Left Oblique vs. Right Oblique - left lateral bending vs. right lateral bending 3. External Intercostals vs. Internal Intercostals - raising rib cage vs. depressing rib cage 4. Biceps Brachii vs. Triceps Brachii - flexing forearm vs. extending forearm 5. Quadriceps vs. Hamstrings - extending knee vs. flexing knee

63 Antagonists Groups 6. Gluteus Maximus vs. iliopsoas - extending hip vs. flexing hip 7. Flexor Carpi vs. Extensor Carpi - flexing wrist vs. extending wrist 8. Flexor Digitorum vs. Extensor Digitorum - flexing fingers vs. extending fingers 9. Rectus Abdominis vs. Erector Spinae - flexing vertebral column vs. extending vertebral column 10. Tibialis Anterior vs. Gastrocnemius - dorsiflexion vs. plantar flexion