Privatisation, corruption, oligopoly
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1 Privatisation, corruption, oligopoly By David Hall, Public Services International Research Unit, University of Greenwich
2 PSIRU s work Monitoring multinationals and privatisation PSI Globalwater,energyw aste, health Database/website, reports Public sector models PSI Global- water, energy Reports Multinationals - EWC agreements etc EPSU EU+, water, energy, waste Database/website, bulletins Responding to PPPs EPSU EU+, all services Reports, bulletins EC policies on SGEI EPSU EU+, network services+ Reports Anti-corruption TUAC (OECD) Global Database/website, reports, support Watertime EC EU+ Research on decision-making
3 The Grenoble water concession bribes, privatisation and remunicipalisation Date April 1985 Nov 1989 June 1995 Nov 1995 May 1996 Event Privatisation of sanitation in Grenoble region to SDA (Suez- Lyonnaise and Vivendi-GdE) Bribes to RPR mayor - Privatisation of water and sanitation in city of Grenoble to COGESE (Suez-Lyonnaise) Elections - change in political power to socialist/green group. Mayor and Suez-Lyonnaise executives convicted of corruption Renegotiation - joint venture between Grenoble and Suez Court cases, audit reports, further renegotiation Jan 2000 Mar 2000 Remunicipalisation of sanitation services in Grenoble region Remunicipalisation of water supply in Grenoble
4 Similar events France and internationally Other problems in France:1997 Cour des Comptes report Corruption, lack of competition Lack of transparency Excessive prices Unequal relations between councils and companies Ile-de-France School building contracts: bilateral corrupt cartel Internationally: not just a French problem Corruption: bribes in Lesotho, Ghana, Kazakhstan, USA Transparency: secret contracts, undemocratic regimes (Budapest, South Africa, Morocco, Indonesia) Prices and charges: Tallinn (Estonia), Valencia (Spain) Sub-contracting: Szeged (Hungary)
5 Varieties of corruption of political decision Category Political donations Political donations Bribes Bribes Entry fees Joint venture Personal links Indirect Recipient Single party All parties Politician Officials Municipality Political crony Political party, bank etc Government Examples Suez Grenoble Vivendi Milan, Enron USA, Viv/Suez/Bouyguyes Ile de France Vivendi, Angouleme; Suez Kazakhstan Acres etc, Lesotho Viv/Suez St Etienne, Viv/BWB Budapest Suez/Thames Jakarta, Manila Monod-RPR; Skilling-Republicans; Thierry Baudon EBRD-Suez IMF/WB conditionalities; EBRD multiproject loans
6 Contracts, and a dynamic process of interest-seeking Public interest Contract Actual path Shareholder interest
7 Dealing with corruption lessons from Grenoble State capacity and political activity Key role of strong public bodies Public auditors (CRC) and examining magistrates Problem of investigation without such bodies General problem of weak state in privatisations Political activity crucial factor Successful election resulting in change Persistent action by critical party Cf neo-liberal presciptions Minimise role of state as producer, regulator Political intervention seen as interference Corporate social responsibility as solution
8 Water: international context European and global dominance by Suez and Vivendi (>70% of world market) - plus SAUR, RWE Historical concentration through concessions in France Control local companies in Spain (Agbar, FCC, Avsa) establishing control in Italy joint ventures, court cases dominate Czech republic, Hungary, now Romania Poor contestability French tenders closed, UK concessions never tendered Prevalence of joint ventures between multinationals and with local partners Entry failures of UK companies, Enron Corruption France, Italy, USA, UK (charges), elsewhere
9 Thames/RWE joint ventures with Vivendi and Suez Country City Service Company RWE/Thames Partner Germany Berlin WS Berliner Wasser (BWB) RWE Aqua Vivendi Australia Adelaide WS United Water Thames Water Vivendi New Zealand Auckland W Papakura Water Thames Water Vivendi Indonesia Sidoarjo W Sidoarjo water Thames Water Vivendi Hungary Budapest Water Budapest Water RWE Aqua Suez Hungary Budapest Sewerage FCSM BWB (RWE-Vivendi) Vivendi
10 Electricity EU electricity, gas directives Vertical unbundling, liberalisation Privatisation not required but eg UK Early liberalisation across Scandinavia Some state companies remain eg EdF, Vattenfall Vertical and horizontal re-integration eg concentration in Germany, UK into 4/5 vertical groups Same multinationals across Europe EdF (France), RWE, E.ON (Germany) (+Vattenfall, Suez-Electrabel, Enel, Endesa USA and UK companies states prioritise corporate strength
11 Shares of generating capacity in UK E.ON 4% 7% 4% 5% 17% RWE EDF Scottish Power 8% 13% Scottish & Southern British Energy 20% 6% 8% 8% AES AEP BNFL
12 Liberalisation and concentration in electricity in Germany March 1999 Dec 2001 March 1999 Municipal 17% Other 6% VEW 6% VEAG 9% Dec 2001 (est) Municipal 16% other 6% Eon 26% Viag 10% RWE 19% Preussenelekt ra 14% NWS 4% HEW 3% Bewag 3% EdF 4% EnBW 5% EdF+ 13% Vattenfall+ 15% RWE 24% Source: Bower et al, Energy policy Oct 2001
13 Electricity Market Shares in Western Europe Other Iberdrola Endesa Electrobel National Power Vattenfall ENEL EoN RWE EdF *
14 The sale of Slovakia s energy, 2002 Sector Companies for sale New owners Gas SPP (49% sold) Ruhrgas(Eon), GdF, Gazprom (joint venture, 1/3 each) Electricity Electricity distributors (49%) Eon, RWE, EDF (1/3 each) Electricity generation (tendering: bidders include Eon, RWE, EdF, Enel)
15 Largest waste companies in Europe Company Sita (Suez) Onyx (Vivendi) RWE Umwelt Cleanaway (Brambles) Global Turnover 2001 (m)
16 Privatisation estimates for municipal waste management in key markets (%) (Sita( Sita) France N.America UK Germany LA/Asia
17 Multinational multi-utilities Electricity Gas Wate r Waste Suez RWE Eon () EDF (GDF) (x) Vivendi (x)
18 Comments Corruption to obtain market Range of legal/illegal inducements Politics as solution, not problem a dynamic political process, not contract Liberalisation/privatisation feeds globalisation New markets for existing multinationals Cartels and partnerships Non-competitive (water, energy) Limiting political options by capture Restructuring by corporate policy Eg water in UK, energy in Germany Political finance, financial inducements
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