Properties of Stars. Our Goals for Learning How luminous are stars? How hot are stars? How massive are stars?
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1 Surveying the Stars
2 Properties of Stars Our Goals for Learning How luminous are stars? How hot are stars? How massive are stars?
3 How luminous are stars?
4 The brightness of a star depends on both distance and luminosity
5 Luminosity: Amount of power a star radiates (energy per second=watts) Apparent brightness: Amount of starlight that reaches Earth (energy per second per square meter)
6 Thought Question These two stars have about the same luminosity -- which one appears brighter? A. Alpha Centauri B. The Sun
7 Thought Question These two stars have about the same luminosity -- which one appears brighter? A. Alpha Centauri B. The Sun
8 Luminosity passing through each sphere is the same Area of sphere: 4π (radius) 2 Divide luminosity by area to get brightness
9 The relationship between apparent brightness and luminosity depends on distance: Brightness = Luminosity 4π (distance) 2 We can determine a star s luminosity if we can measure its distance and apparent brightness: Luminosity = 4π (distance) 2 x (Brightness)
10 Thought Question How would the apparent brightness of Alpha Centauri change if it were three times farther away? A. It would be only 1/3 as bright B. It would be only 1/6 as bright C. It would be only 1/9 as bright D. It would be three times brighter
11 Thought Question How would the apparent brightness of Alpha Centauri change if it were three times farther away? A. It would be only 1/3 as bright B. It would be only 1/6 as bright C. It would be only 1/9 as bright D. It would be three times brighter
12 So how far are these stars?
13 Parallax is the apparent shift in position of a nearby object against a background of more distant objects
14 Apparent positions of nearest stars shift by about an arcsecond as Earth orbits Sun
15 Parallax angle depends on distance
16 Parallax is measured by comparing snapshots taken at different times and measuring the shift in angle to star
17 d(parsec) = 1/p(arcsec) 1 pc =3.26 ly 1 arcsec = 1/3600 degree
18 The Solar Neighborhood
19 Most luminous stars: 10 6 L Sun Least luminous stars: 10-4 L Sun (L Sun is luminosity of Sun)
20 How hot are stars?
21 Every object emits thermal radiation with a spectrum that depends on its temperature
22 Laws of Thermal Radiation 1) Hotter objects emit more light at all wavelengths 2) Hotter objects tend to emit light at shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies
23 Hottest stars: 50,000 K Coolest stars: 3,000 K (Sun s surface is 5,800 K)
24 10 6 K 10 5 K 10 4 K Ionized Gas (Plasma) Level of ionization also reveals a star s temperature 10 3 K Neutral Gas 10 2 K Molecules 10 K Solid
25 Absorption lines in star s spectrum tell us ionization level
26 Lines in a star s spectrum correspond to a spectral type that reveals its temperature (Hottest) O B A F G K M (Coolest)
27 Remembering Spectral Types (Hottest) O B A F G K M (Coolest) Oh, Be A Fine Girl, Kiss Me (ca. 1920) Only Boys Accepting Feminism Get Kissed Meaningfully (today)
28 Thought Question Which kind of star is hottest? A. M star B. F star C. A star D. K star
29 Thought Question Which kind of star is hottest? A. M star B. F star C. A star D. K star
30 How massive are stars?
31 The orbit of a binary star system depends on strength of gravity
32 Types of Binary Star Systems Visual Binary Eclipsing Binary Spectroscopic Binary About half of all stars are in binary systems
33 Visual Binary We can directly observe the orbital motions of these stars
34 Eclipsing Binary We can measure periodic eclipses
35 Spectroscopic Binary We determine the orbit by measuring Doppler shifts
36 We measure mass using gravity Direct mass measurements are possible only for stars in binary star systems p 2 = a 3 4π 2 G (M 1 + M 2 ) p = period a = average separation Isaac Newton
37 Need 2 out of 3 observables to measure mass: 1) Orbital Period (p) 2) Orbital Separation (a or r=radius) 3) Orbital Velocity (v) v For circular orbits, v = 2πr / p r M
38 Most massive stars: 100 M Sun Least massive stars: 0.08 M Sun (M Sun is the mass of the Sun)
39 What have we learned? How luminous are stars? The apparent brightness of a star in our sky depends on both its luminosity the total amount of light it emits into space and its distance from Earth, as expressed by the inverse square law for light.
40 What have we learned? How hot are stars? The surface temperatures of the hottest stars exceed 40,000 K and those of the coolest stars are less than 3,000 K. We measure a star s surface temperature from its color or spectrum, and we classify spectra according to the sequence of spectral types OBAFGKM, which runs from hottest to coolest.
41 What have we learned? How massive are stars? The overall range of stellar masses runs from 0.08 times the mass of the Sun to about 100 times the mass of the Sun.
42 Classifying Stars Our Goals for Learning How do we classify stars? Why is a star s mass its most important property? What is a Hertzsprung Russell diagram?
43 How do we classify stars?
44 Most of the brightest stars are reddish in color Color and luminosity are closely related among the remaining normal stars
45 Main-sequence stars are fusing hydrogen into helium in their cores like the Sun Luminous mainsequence stars are hot (blue) Less luminous ones are cooler (yellow or red)
46 Why are some red stars so much more luminous? They re bigger! Biggest red stars: 1000 R sun Smallest red stars: 0.1 R Sun
47 A star s full classification includes spectral type (line identities) and luminosity class (line shapes, related to the size of the star): I - supergiant II - bright giant III - giant IV - subgiant V - main sequence Examples: Sun - G2 V Sirius - A1 V Proxima Centauri - M5.5 V Betelgeuse - M2 I
48 Why is a star s mass its most important property?
49 Each star s properties depend mostly on mass and age
50 Stellar Properties Review Luminosity: from brightness and distance 10-4 L Sun L Sun Temperature: from color and spectral type 3,000 K - 50,000 K Mass: from period (p) and average separation (a) of binary-star orbit 0.08 M Sun M Sun
51 Stellar Properties Review Luminosity: from brightness and distance (0.08 M 10-4 L Sun Sun ) L Sun (100 M Sun ) Temperature: from color and spectral type (0.08 M Sun ) 3,000 K - 50,000 K (100 M Sun ) Mass: from period (p) and average separation (a) of binary-star orbit 0.08 M Sun M Sun
52 Core pressure and temperature of a higher-mass star need to be larger in order to balance gravity Higher core temperature boosts fusion rate, leading to larger luminosity
53 Mass & Lifetime Sun s life expectancy: 10 billion years
54 Mass & Lifetime Sun s life expectancy: 10 billion years Until core hydrogen (10% of total) is used up
55 Mass & Lifetime Sun s life expectancy: 10 billion years Until core hydrogen (10% of total) is used up Life expectancy of 10 M Sun star: 10 times as much fuel, uses it 10 4 times as fast 10 million years ~ 10 billion years x 10 / 10 4
56 Mass & Lifetime Sun s life expectancy: 10 billion years Until core hydrogen (10% of total) is used up Life expectancy of 10 M Sun star: 10 times as much fuel, uses it 10 4 times as fast 10 million years ~ 10 billion years x 10 / 10 4 Life expectancy of 0.1 M Sun star: 0.1 times as much fuel, uses it 0.01 times as fast 100 billion years ~ 10 billion years x 0.1 / 0.01
57 Main-Sequence Star Summary High Mass: High Luminosity Short-Lived Large Radius Blue Low Mass: Low Luminosity Long-Lived Small Radius Red
58 What is a Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram?
59 Luminosity An H-R diagram plots the luminosity and temperature of stars Temperature
60 Normal hydrogenburning stars reside on the main sequence of the H-R diagram
61 Large radius Stars with low temperature and high luminosity must have large radius Small radius
62 H-R diagram depicts: Luminosity Temperature Temperature Color Spectral Type Luminosity Radius *Mass *Lifespan *Age
63 B C Which star is the hottest? Luminosity A D Temperature
64 B B C C Which star is the hottest? A Luminosity A A D D Temperature
65 B C Which star is the most luminous? Luminosity A D Temperature
66 B C Which star is the most luminous? Luminosity A D C Temperature
67 B C Which star is a main-sequence star? Luminosity A D Temperature
68 B C Which star is a main-sequence star? D Luminosity A D Temperature
69 B C Which star has the largest radius? Luminosity A D Temperature
70 B C Which star has the largest radius? C Luminosity A D Temperature
71 A D Which star is most like our Sun? Luminosity B C Temperature
72 A Which star is most like our Sun? Luminosity B D B C Temperature
73 A D Which of these stars will have changed the least 10 billion years from now? Luminosity B C Temperature
74 A D Which of these stars will have changed the least 10 billion years from now? Luminosity B C C Temperature
75 A D Which of these stars can be no more than 10 million years old? Luminosity B C Temperature
76 A D Which of these stars can be no more than 10 million years old? Luminosity B A C Temperature
77 What have we learned? How do we classify stars? We classify stars according to their spectral type and luminosity class. The spectral type tells us the star s surface temperature The luminosity class how much light it puts out. Why is a star s mass its most important property? A star s mass at birth determines virtually everything that happens to it throughout its life.
78 What is a Hertzsprung- Russell diagram? An H R diagram plots stars according to their surface temperatures and luminosities. What have we learned?
79 11.3 Star Clusters Our Goals for Learning What are the two types of star clusters? How do we measure the age of a star cluster?
80 What are the two types of star clusters?
81 Open cluster: A few thousand loosely packed stars
82 Globular cluster: Up to a million or more stars in a dense ball bound together by gravity
83 How do we measure the age of a star cluster?
84 Massive blue stars die first, followed by white, yellow, orange, and red stars
85 Main-sequence turnoff Pleiades now has no stars with life expectancy less than around 100 million years
86 Mainsequence turnoff point of a cluster tells us its age
87 To determine accurate ages, we compare models of stellar evolution to the cluster data
88 Detailed modeling of the oldest globular clusters reveals that they are about 13 billion years old
89 What have we learned? What are the two types of star clusters? Open clusters contain up to several thousand stars and are found in the disk of the galaxy. Globular clusters contain hundreds of thousands of stars, all closely packed together. They are found mainly in the halo of the galaxy.
90 What have we learned? How do we measure the age of a star cluster? Because all of a cluster s stars we born at the same time, we can measure a cluster s age by finding the main sequence turnoff point on an H R diagram of its stars. The cluster s age is equal to the hydrogenburning lifetime of the hottest, most luminous stars that remain on the main sequence.
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