7. The Columbian Exchange was the movement of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres. (p 62)

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1 Chapter 2 - European Exploration of the Americas (51-63) 1. The first Europeans to colonize in North America were the Spanish. They came for three main reasons which were (1) to spread religion (God), (2) to find riches (Gold), (3) to expand empire (Glory) (p 51) 2. Mercantilism is an economic system in which nations increase their wealth and power by building up their gold supply and gaining a favorable balance of trade (export more than import). Colonies could help a nation achieve this goal. (p 52) 3. Northwest Passage-an all water route through North America sought by many explorers. 4. What were two important effects of the English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588? England was able to remain independent and Protestant AND Spain s image suffered (no longer unbeatable) (p 57) 6. The voyage of the slave ships from Africa to the Americas was called the middle passage. It was called this because it was the middle leg of the triangular trade route (p 61) 7. The Columbian Exchange was the movement of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres. (p 62) Chapter 3 - The English Establish 13 Colonies (69-87) 8. English citizens were willing to leave their homes to come to America to escape religious persecution in England and to find economic opportunities in the New World..and for adventure!!(p 70) 9. joint-stock company-many investors join to finance a colony, each investor shared in profit or loss(p 70) 10. Jamestown, Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607.(p 71) 11. With the help of John Smith, who instituted the He who shall not work shall not eat. policy and the introduction of the cash crop of tobacco by John Rolfe, Jamestown eventually prospered. (p 71,72) 12. Indentured servant a person who sold his or her labor in exchange for passage to America (p. 72) 13. The first representative assembly in the American colonies was the House of Burgesses. (p 72) 14. The Pilgrims who signed the Mayflower Compact voluntarily agreed to create a government, and helped to establish the ideas of selfgovernment and majority rule. (p 77) 15. Although both groups had problems with the Church of England, Pilgrims were Separatists who wanted to completely separate from the church while the Puritans wanted to stay within the church and purify it. (p 76,78) 16. The first written constitution in America, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, was written by Puritans and it extended voting rights to non-church members and provided for self-government. (p 79) 17. Roger Williams became the founder of the colony of Rhode Island where settlers were guaranteed religious freedom and complete separation of church and state. (p 79) 18. William Penn became the proprietor of Pennsylvania and created a colony where Quakers could live according to their beliefs which included living in peace and harmony with all people, religious freedom, and equality to all. (p 85) 19. The geographic boundaries of the 13 colonies were the Appalachian Mountains to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. 20. The colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe as refuge for debtors and as a military buffer zone against Spanish Florida and French Louisiana. (p 87) Chapter 4 - The Colonies Develop (93-113)

2 21. The four New England Colonies were New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Because New England s climate was harsh (cold) and its soil was rocky most farming was subsistence. (p 94) 22. subsistence farming-produced just enough for family s needs and maybe a little for trade (p 94) 23. Although farming in New England did not offer profits, the industries of fishing, timber and shipbuilding allowed coastal cities to become prosperous. (p 95) 24. Triangular trade-trade route with three stops (p 95) 25. To benefit from New England s trade profits, England passed laws called the Navigation Acts. England had a hard time enforcing these laws because many merchants ignored them and turned to smuggling (importing and exporting illegally) as a common practice. (p 96) 26. The four Middle Colonies were New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and Delaware. Because its climate had a longer growing season than New England and its soil was fertile, most farmers in this region were able to grow cash crops (crops raised to be sold for money.) (p 99) 27. Because they produced so much grain, the Middle Colonies became know as the Bread Basket colonies. 28. diversity- variety (p 101) 29. The Middle Colonies had a diverse population because they had people from lots of different countries such as England, Germany, and the Netherlands. (p 101) 30. The five Southern Colonies were North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Virginia and Maryland. Because its soil was fertile and it had an almost year round growing season, this region was ideal for crops like rice and tobacco that were grown on huge self-sufficient farms called plantations. (p 103) 31. Because plantation crops required much labor, plantation owners turned to slaves to supply this labor and by 1750 they made up 40 percent of the South s population. (p 105) 32. Read page and write a few statements summarizing life under slavery and ways the enslaved resisted: Life under slavery was brutal, slaves often resisted by working slowly, damaging goods or pretending not to understand. Chapter 5 - Beginnings of an American Identity ( ) 33. The purpose of Benjamin Franklin s Join or Die political cartoon was to convince the colonists to unite for strength during the French and Indian War.(p 117) 34. Land ownership gave colonists political rights as well as prosperity. Generally, only white male landowners could vote. (p 119) 35. Although women contributed to the colonial economy, they had very few rights. (p 120) 36. Colonial families were very large and children were expected to help out as early as age 3 or 4. Around age 11 some boys left to become apprentices to learn a trade. Children s education was not very long and focused on reading so they could understand the Bible. (p 120,121) 37. An important American Enlightenment thinker was Benjamin Franklin. He made many contributions to society including: 1) discovered electricity, (2) bifocals (3) Franklin stove, and (4) volunteer fire department. 38. What did John Locke have to say about natural rights and government? people are born with certain rights, they create governments to protect those rights, if the government doesn t protect them, the people should change the government (p 124) 39. The first step toward guaranteeing rights to Englishmen came in 1215 when King John signed the Magna Carta which took power from the king and increased the power of the nobles by extending rights including trial by jury. (p 125)

3 40. The law making body of Great Britain is Parliament. It is made up of two houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. (p 126) 41. salutary neglect- hands-off policy making laws/rules but not enforcing them (p 128) 42. The trial of John Peter Zenger helped to establish freedom of the press in America. (p 129) 43. The French and Indian War was fought between the British and the French because they both wanted land and control of the fur trade in the Ohio River Valley. (p 131) 44. The British won the French and Indian War. The terms of the Treaty of Paris gave Britain claim to all land east of the Mississippi River and ended any French claims in North America. (p 134) 45. What did Pontiac s Rebellion cause King George III to issue? Why? He issued the Proclamation of 1763, forbidding colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains because he did not want to spend the money to pay to protect them from the Native Americans there (England was in debt following the war). (p 135) 46. The Proclamation of 1763 established the Appalachian Mountains as the western colonial boundary. (p 135) Chapter 6 - The Road to Revolution ( ) 47. To raise money to pay off war debts incurred during the French and Indian war, King George III and Parliament began to pass laws that placed taxes on certain goods coming into the colonies. The colonists resented these acts and protested them because they had no representation in Parliament. (p 144) 48. revenue-money (p 144) 49. writs of assistance-search warrants given to British soldiers to search colonists home for smuggled goods 50. Briefly describe the Boston Massacre and explain why it was called a massacre even though it wasn t: It was a fight between colonist and British soldiers, started out with colonists calling them names but escalated to violence. Although only 5 colonists were killed, it was called a massacre to make the British look bad anti British propaganda (p149) 51. Samuel Adams was a leader of the Sons of Liberty and also helped to organize the committees of correspondence which were important because they kept colonists informed on British affairs (through a letter writing network). (p 148,150) 52. A very outspoken patriot, Patrick Henry is remembered for saying If this be treason, make the most of it and...give me liberty or give me death. (p 156) 53. Patriots American colonists who were in favor of independence and the Revolutionary War 54. The first battles of the American Revolution were at Lexington and Concord. The first shot fired was later referred to as the shot heard round the world because it started a war that would change the course of world history. (p 157) 55. The pamphlet Common Sense was written by Thomas Paine to convince colonists to declare independence from Britain. He later wrote the American Crisis to inspire the soldiers. (p 163, 180) 56. Thomas Jefferson was chosen to be the main author of the Declaration of Independence because he was an excellent writer and he came from Virginia, the largest colony. (p 164) 57. What is the core idea of the Declaration of Independence? People have natural rights that government must protect (p 164) 58. What is the purpose of the Declaration of Independence as stated in the Preamble? To break away from England and to explain why we were doing so (p 166)

4 59. Unalienable rights rights that all people are born with that cannot be taken away (p 166) 60. According to the Declaration of Independence, three unalienable rights are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. (p 166) Chapter 7 - The American Revolution ( ) 61. Describe some of the problems Washington faced regarding his army during the course of the war: lack of supplies, untrained troops, small army (p 178) 62. The Hessians were professional soldiers from Germany hired by the British to fight the Americans.(p 179) 63. Although America had little success in the early years of the war, the Battle of Saratoga marked the turning point for us mainly because the victory caused European nations (France/Spain) to openly support us. (p 183) 64. The key role of Ben Franklin during the Revolutionary War was convincing France to be our ally. (p 184) 65. The Marquis de Lafayette was a 19-year-old French nobleman who volunteered to serve in Washington s Army. He gained the respect of his men by sharing their hardships. (p 185) 66. During the most famous naval battle of the war, John Paul Jones was commanded to surrender. He declared I have not yet begun to fight! and went on to defeat better-armed British ship. (p 189) 67. The last major battle of the Revolution took place at Yorktown where the British General Cornwallis surrendered. (p 194) 68. America s four main advantages during the war that enabled them to defeat the larger, better equipped British army were: (1) better leadership (2) foreign aid, (3) knowledge of the land (4) motivation. (p 196) 69. The treaty that ended the Revolution was called the Treaty of Paris. It recognized America as an independent nation and set our boundaries as Canada, Mississippi River and Spanish Florida.(p196) 70. The most important issue facing America after the Revolution was deciding on a new government. (p.199) Chapter 8 - Confederation to Constitution ( ) 71. The Articles of Confederation created a weak national government with only one branch, a legislative (Congress) Each state had one vote in the congress regardless of size or population. (p 206) 72. The Confederation Congress had some powers but most important powers were left to the state governments. The national government could not set taxes or regulate trade. (p 206) 73. The Land Ordinance of 1785 stated how the Northwest Territory was to be divided into townships and sold. It also provided for public education by setting aside section 16 of each township. (p 207) 74. The Northwest Ordinance described the way the territory was to be governed and the steps that had to be taken so they could become states. Once accepted, new states were equal to all others.(p 207) 75. In Massachusetts, farmers who couldn t pay their taxes rose up against the government in what was known as Shay s Rebellion. They were eventually put down but made national leaders realize that the national government needed to be strengthened to prevent this from happening in other states. (p 209) 76. Because of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation a meeting that became known as the Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787 to try to fix the problems.(p 213) 77. George Washington served as President of the convention and important leaders like Benjamin Franklin, the famous scientist and statesman and James Madison, who had read more than a hundred books to prepare for the meeting and earned the title Father of the

5 Constitution were among those who attended the convention. Patrick Henry did not attend because he said he smelled a rat in Philadelphia, tending toward monarchy. (p 213) 78. A major disagreement at the convention was between large and small states and had to do with representation in the legislative branch. Large states submitted the Virginia Plan which called for three branches of government and representation in the legislative branch to be based on population. Small states didn t like this and submitted the New Jersey Plan which called for only one branch of government and wanted each state to have only one vote, regardless of population or wealth. (215) 79. To please both states, the Great Compromise decided there would be a two house legislature. Each state would have equal representation in the Senate with two members for each state. Representation in the House of Representatives would be based on population. (p 216) 80. Major disagreements also took place between Northern and Southern states over the issue of slavery. The first was how to count slaves when determining representation in the House and for taxation purposes. The Three-fifths Compromise said that three out of every five slaves would be counted to determine population in both cases. (p 216) 81. Another heated debate was over the slave trade. Northerners wanted to ban the importation of more slaves, the South said NO! so they compromised and agreed that Congress could not ban the slave trade until (p 217) 82. Because it strengthened the federal government, supporters of the Constitution were called Federalists. To convince others to support it, well-known federalists John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton wrote a series of essays called the Federalist Papers.(p 218) 83. Men like George Mason and Patrick from Virginia felt the Constitution took too much power away from the states were called Anti- Federalists because they opposed it. They refused to accept it until a Bill of Rights was added to protect the people from the power of the government.(p )