Chapter 3. Chemical Compounds. Compounds. Chapter 3 Topics. Electrolytes. Water is part of the earth, ocean, rivers, and atmosphere.
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1 Chapter 3 Chemical Chapter 3 Topics 1. Ionic and Molecular 2. Monatomic and Polyatomic Ions 3. Formulas for Ionic 4. Naming Ionic 5. Naming and Writing Formulas for Molecular 6. Acids and Bases 7. Predicting Properties and Naming Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 2 Water is part of the earth, ocean, rivers, and atmosphere. How does water conduct electricity? Water conducts electricity because it contains ions. When compounds containing ions dissolve in water, the ions exist separate from each other. The mobility of ions allows for a current to pass through water. Figure Figure Solutions containing ions are electrolytes. Sodium chloride dissolved in water is an electrolyte. Electrolytes Compound Names and Classifications CH 3 CO 2 H acetic acid, acid HCl hydrochloric acid, acid HNO 3 nitric acid, acid NaCl sodium chloride, ionic compound CH 3 OH methanol, molecular compound Dissolve 5 6 1
2 Ionic and Molecular An ionic compound consists of oppositely charged cations and anions. Usually the cation is a metal and the anion is a nonmetal or a group of nonmetals. (ie, NaCl) A molecular compound consists of two or more different nonmetals. It exists as a discrete unit of atoms. (ie, CO 2 ) NaCl is an ionic compound CO 2 is a molecular compound O 2 is a molecular element Figure Identifying Ionic and Molecular Identify each compound as ionic or molecular. CCl 4 CaF 2 SF 6 CuCO 3 H 2 O Identifying Ionic and Molecular Identify each compound as ionic or molecular. CCl 4 CaF 2 SF 6 CuCO 3 H 2 O classify 9 10 When an ionic compound dissolves in water, it dissociates into its ions. Most molecular substances do not dissociate in water. NaCl(s) Æ Na + (aq) + Cl (aq) Figure 3.08 Most molecular substances, such as CH 3 OH or O 2, do not dissociate into ions in aqueous solution. The molecules remain intact. CH 3 OH(l) Æ CH 3 OH(aq aq) O 2 (g) Æ O 2 (aq) O 2 dissolved in water
3 3.2 Monatomic and Polyatomic Ions Common Monatomic Ions You must know the charges for all these ions. In Chapter 2 we saw that we can predict charges on some monatomic ions from their positions in the periodic table. Look at the names of ions listed. Do you notice any patterns in their names? 13 Figure Polyatomic Ions A polyatomic ion consists of a group of atoms with an overall net charge. These two are also called oxoanions because they contain oxygen attached to some other element. 15 Ionic with Polyatomic Ions Many ionic compounds contain a polyatomic anion: CaCO 3, calcium carbonate NaHCO 3, sodium bicarbonate NaCN, sodium cyanide KNO 3, potassium nitrate The only common polyatomic cation is the ammonium ion, NH + 4 : NH 4 NO 3, ammonium nitrate 16 Ionic Calcium carbonate is dissolved in hard water:
4 Naming Polyatomic Ions Trends for Polyatomic Ions The name of the oxoanion ion changes when the number of oxygen atoms bonded to the central atom changes. Can you see any patterns? Figure These are the ions listed on your in-class handout. You must memorize the ones in bold on the handout. 3.3 Formulas for Ionic An ionic compound has no overall charge, so the charges on the cations and anions must cancel one another. This is the case in a pure substance, or when it is dissolved. The formula that shows this ratio with the smallest whole numbers is called its formula unit Writing Ionic Formulas Write the formula for the compound that contains each set of ions in the ratio given. Writing Ionic Formulas (Like Example 3.6) Write the formulas for compounds containing the following ions: a) calcium ion and fluoride ion b) aluminum ion and oxide ion c) sodium ion and sulfate ion d) sodium ion and sulfite ion e) ammonium ion and phosphate ion f) lithium ion and nitrate ion
5 3.4 Naming Simple Ionic Common Monatomic Ions Notice that all the metals are cations with charges that we could predict from the name of the compound they are in Figure 3.23 Naming Ionic Containing Metals with Variable Charges What is the name of this compound? Many metals, including most of the transition metals, can form more than one type of ion. When these metals are present in ionic compounds, and additional component must be added to the name to distinguish between similar compounds. How can we distinguish between CuO and Cu 2 O? What is the difference between them? Why do they combine in different ratios? ion diff What are the rules for naming these compounds? Some (not all) Charges for Metals that can have Ions of More than One Charge 29 Figure
6 Naming Ionic when Roman Numerals are Needed Older Method for Naming Name the following compounds a) MnO b) MnO 2 c) CuSO 4 d) CrO 3 e) Fe(NO 3 ) 3 You do not have to know how to use this method Naming and Writing Formulas for Molecular Because molecular compounds do not consist of ions, the nonmetals that compose them are in ratios that are difficult to predict. Also, there are sometimes many different compounds composed of the same elements but just in different ratios or different number of atoms per molecule: CO, CO 2 SO 2, SO 3 NO, NO 2, NO 3, N 2 O, N 2 O 4, N 2 O 5 Naming Molecular Look at the formulas and the names of the molecular compounds below. Can you determine the rules for naming them? molecules Prefixes used for Naming Molecular Naming Molecular Name the following compounds: The mono prefix is not used for the first element in the compound. The mono prefix is not used for the second element when there are no other compounds with the same combination of the elements. 35 SO 3 SF 6 N 2 O 4 CO PCl 5 name 36 6
7 Nonsystematic for Molecular (know these) Water H 2 O Ammonia NH 3 Hydrogen peroxide H 2 O Acids and Bases Acids and bases exist as ions when dissolved in water. Many bases are ionic compounds, but acids are not they are molecular compounds. How do acids form ions in solution when they are not composed of ions? Acids form ions as a result of their interaction with water: HCl(g) Æ H + (aq)) + Cl (aq) The H + (aq)) that forms actually exists as H 3 O + (aq) Ionization of HCl in Water Bases ionize in water to form OH ions Cl H 3 O + Figure Figure Oxoacids Naming Binary Acids How are the first four acids similar and how are they named? Acidic H
8 Naming Binary Acids Naming Acids Why do some of the oxoacids have an -ic suffix while others have an -ous suffix? How can you predict the suffix? Naming acids Name the following acids: a) HCl(aq aq) b) HNO 3 (aq) c) HNO 2 (aq) d) H 2 SO 4 (aq) 3.7 Predicting Properties and Naming Before naming a compound, you must first classify it as either an ionic compound, molecular compound, or acid. If it is an ionic compound, you must also decide if the cation is an ion that can vary in charge. These classifications allow you to name the compound with the proper rules Naming Classify and then name these compounds Naming Classify and then name the following: a) NO 2 b) Mg 3 N 2 c) CaSO 4 d) H 3 PO 4 (aq) e) FeCl 3 47 Which of these does not form ions when dissolved in water? Which of these is most likely a gas at room temperature? Which of these is an electrolyte? 49 8
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