Social Psychology Workbook

Transcription

1 Social Psychology Workbook Name: Group: Exam Dates: King Edward VI Psychology Department 1

2 Contents Specification... 3 Social Psychology... 5 Content Obedience... 7 Milgram... 8 Meuus and Raaijmakers (1985) Content Prejudice and discrimination Social Identity Theory (Tajfel, 1970) Studies in detail: Hofling et al. (1966) Studies in detail: Other study (choice) Key issue Methodology Aims Surveys Evidence of practice Past paper questions King Edward VI Psychology Department 2

3 Specification 1 Definition of the approach 1a: Define social psychology showing understanding that the approach is about aspects of human behaviour that involve the individual s relationships to other persons, groups and society, including cultural influences on behaviour. 1b: Define and use psychological terminology accurately and appropriately including the terms: i agentic state, ii autonomous state, iii moral strain, iv in-group/out-group, v social categorisation, vi social identification, vii social comparison. 2 Methodology/How Science Works 2a: Describe the survey as a research method in psychology, including the questionnaire and interview. 2b: Identify, describe and apply unstructured, structured and semi-structured interviews, open and closed questions, alternative hypotheses and issues around designing surveys. 2c: Describe and compare, including strengths and weaknesses, the difference between qualitative and quantitative data. 2d: Evaluate the survey as a research method, including strengths and weaknesses, and the issues of reliability, validity and subjectivity. 2e: Describe, assess and apply guidelines, such as British Psychological Society (BPS) guidelines, about the use of humans in psychological research including guidelines about what not to do, and what to do to protect human participants. Guidelines to include consent, deception, right to withdraw, debriefing of participants and competence. 2f: Identify, describe and apply different sampling techniques including random sampling, stratified sampling, volunteer and self-selected sampling, and opportunity sampling, including advantages and disadvantages of each technique. 3 Content 3a: Define what is meant by obedience. 3b: Describe and evaluate Milgram s (1963) study of obedience andone of Milgram s variation studies. 3c: Describe and evaluate the Agency Theory of Obedience (Milgram, 1973). 3d: Describe and assess the ethical issues arising from obedience research (as applied to the participants in the study and the wider issues for society). King Edward VI Psychology Department 3

4 3e: Describe and evaluate one study of obedience from a country other than Milgram s (USA). Suitable example: Meeus and Raaijmakers (1986) Administrative obedience. Carrying out orders to use psychological-administrative violence. 3f: Compare Milgram s (1963) obedience study and one other from a country other than Milgram s (USA) drawing cross-cultural conclusions. 3g: Describe what is meant by prejudice and discrimination. 3h: Describe and evaluate Tajfel s (1970) Social Identity Theory as an explanation of prejudice. 4 Studies in Detail 4a: Describe and evaluate two studies in detail. One of the studies must be Hofling et al (1966) Study of obedience in nurses and one other study of either obedience or prejudice in the Social Approach. This must be selected from the following: Sherif (1954) Robbers Cave experiment Tajfel et al (1970/71) study of minimal groups Reicher and Haslam (2006) Rethinking the psychology of tyranny: The BBC prison study. 5 Key issue 5a: Describe one key issue of relevance to today s society and apply concepts, theories and/or research (as appropriate) drawn from the Social Approach to explain the issue. Suitable examples: blind obedience to authority in a prison setting (for example the Abu Ghraib situation) obedience during conflict resulting in harm to others (for example My Lai Massacre, Vietnam 1968), football violence, race riots (for example St Paul s, Bristol 1980), cult behaviour. Note: in examination, students may be given stimulus material from a key issue to explain using concepts, theories 6 - Evidence of short practice: short survey 6a: Devise and conduct one practical to gather data relevant to topics covered in the Social Approach, which must be a survey (questionnaire or interview) to gather relevant data. The survey should gather both qualitative and quantitative data. This practical must be designed and conducted according to ethical principles. Suitable examples: gender differences in obedience prejudicial attitudes towards age in group/out group attitudes. 6b: Make design decisions in devising an interview schedule/questionnaire including sampling decisions. 6c: Collect data and present an analysis of both the qualitative and quantitative data and draw brief conclusions about the topic from the analyses. King Edward VI Psychology Department 4

5 Social Psychology What is Social Psychology What are the assumptions of the social approach? History of the social approach: Applications of the social approach: King Edward VI Psychology Department 5

6 Glossary of terms Agentic state Autonomous state Moral strain In-group/out-group Social categorisation Social identification Social comparison Complete the table with the definitions of the words listed and add any other words as you learn more about the social approach. King Edward VI Psychology Department 6

7 Content Obedience What is obedience? Suggest some every day examples of obedience: Suggest some examples of when it would be inappropriate to obey someone: What is agency theory? How does agency theory explain obedience? King Edward VI Psychology Department 7

8 Milgram Background The Germans are different hypothesis King Edward VI Psychology Department 8

9 Aim Milgram (1963) Procedure Findings Conclusions King Edward VI Psychology Department 9

10 Variations on the baseline Milgram conducted different versions of his study to see how the differences would affect the result. In the baseline experiment the learner could be heard but not seen. Complete the table on how the variations affected the results. The learner could not be heard or seen The learner was in the same room as the teacher i.e. could be heard and seen The teacher had to physically hold the learners hand onto the electrode to receive the shock. Took place in an office block rather than a university. King Edward VI Psychology Department 10

11 Evaluation of Milgram GRAVE Generalisability Reliability Application Validity Ethics King Edward VI Psychology Department 11

12 Meuus and Raaijmakers (1985) Aim Procedure Findings Conclusions King Edward VI Psychology Department 12

13 Evaluation of Meeus & Raaijmakers (1985) GRAVE Generalisability Reliability Application Validity Ethics King Edward VI Psychology Department 13

14 Comparison You must be able to compare Milgram s original study and Meeus & Raaijmakers study. Match the issue with the correct comparison point: Issue Type of punishment Obedience level for main study Effect of different type of punishment Other differences between the two studies Agency theory Comparison point Dutch study found a higher level of obedience. Milgram found 65%, whereas Meeus & Raaimakers found 92%. Both studies support the idea of agency theory because in both cases although the participants were clearly distressed when taking part they continued. It seems they this was not autonomous decision making. Participants were less obedient without the experimenter there, which suggests that they may be acting as an agent of the experimenter. In the Dutch study the participants had agreed to harm the participants, but Milgram s participants had not agreed. So in the Dutch study the participants might have felt they should continue because they had agreed to. Consent levels were different. Milgram asked for physical punishment to be administered (but pretend) and the Dutch study asked for psychological punishment (in more ways real, but still a set up). The shocks were less remote than the psychological punishment. For example, Milgram s participants heard screams and felt a slight shock too. Evaluation of Agency Theory Evidence for agency theory: Evidence against agency theory: Applications: King Edward VI Psychology Department 14

15 Content Prejudice and discrimination What is prejudice? What is discrimination? Suggest some common examples of prejudice and discrimination in everyday life: What do you think leads to prejudice and discrimination? Social Identity Theory (Tajfel, 1970) King Edward VI Psychology Department 15

16 What is Social Identity Theory? Describe the three stages of Social Identity Theory below: 1. Social categorisation: In-group: Out-group: 2. Social identification: 3. Social comparison: With reference to the above theory and the three stages, give an example of how a specific discriminatory behaviour may come about: King Edward VI Psychology Department 16

17 Evaluation of Social Identity Theory Evidence for social identity theory: Evidence against social identity theory: Applications: King Edward VI Psychology Department 17

18 Studies in detail: Hofling et al. (1966) Aim Procedure Findings Conclusions King Edward VI Psychology Department 18

19 Evaluation of Hofling et al. (1966) GRAVE Generalisability Reliability Application Validity Ethics King Edward VI Psychology Department 19

20 Studies in detail: Other study (choice) Name: Aim Procedure Findings Conclusions King Edward VI Psychology Department 20

21 Evaluation of other study (choice). Name: GRAVE Generalisability Reliability Application Validity Ethics King Edward VI Psychology Department 21

22 Social Approach studies EVALUATION TABLE Using GRAVE state whether the evaluation point is a strength or a weakness for the study and explain your point. Generalisability Refer to target population and sampling method. If not representative, sample cannot be generalised to the target population. Milgram s original study Meeus & Raaijmakers - Comparison study from another country HOFLING - STUDY IN DETAIL OTHER STUDY IN DETAIL Reliability If the study is hard to replicate (do again) then it cannot be shown to be reliable. Reliability means that if a study is done again the same results are found. Application If findings from a study can be used to help society in a real-life application, e.g. Milgram s work on the Germans are not different issue, then this makes the study more useful, which is an evaluation point - But say how it is useful (to get a mark) Validity Experimental, Ecological or Population? Do the participants believe the research that is taking place? If a study can be seen to be about real life then it is more useful or if it is not about real life it is not useful. Are the participants are true representation of the general population? Ethics A study can be evaluated by considering how ethical or how unethical it was- 1. Competence 2. Right to Withdraw 3. Informed consent 4. Debriefing 5. Deception King Edward VI Psychology Department 22

23 Key issue Suitable examples from the spec: blind obedience to authority in a prison setting (for example the Abu Ghraib situation), obedience during conflict resulting in harm to others (for example My Lai Massacre, Vietnam 1968), football violence, race riots (for example St Paul s, Bristol 1980), cult behaviour. Describing the issue One key issue from the social approach is... What exactly is this issue all about? Who does this issue impact upon? Where this is issue most relevant? Why should we care?! Why is this important to society? King Edward VI Psychology Department 23

24 Methodology Sampling Method Procedure Strengths Weaknesses Random sampling Stratified sampling Opportunity sampling Volunteer sampling King Edward VI Psychology Department 24

25 Data Types of data Quantitative Qualitative Strengths Strengths Weaknesses Weaknesses King Edward VI Psychology Department 25

26 Ethics All psychological research should adhere to ethical guidelines. In the UK these are monitored by the British Psychological Society (BPS). All research now has to be passed by an ethical committee before it can be approved, however this was not always the case Below are the key ethical principals: Informed consent Deception Right to withdraw Debrief Competence King Edward VI Psychology Department 26

27 Aims Describe what an aim is: Aims generally start To investigate. Give some examples of aims you have come across or can suggest: Hypotheses A hypothesis is like a prediction, a statement of the results you are likely to find. There are two types of hypothesis you need to know: Null hypothesis stating that you will not find a significant result/correlation. Alternative stating that you will find a significant result/correlation. There are two types of alternative hypothesis; one-tailed (or directional) and two-tailed (nodirectional). Hypothesis Description Example Null Alternative : One-tailed (directional) Alternative: Two-tailed (nondirectional) King Edward VI Psychology Department 27

28 Surveys Survey as a research method Features of a Survey King Edward VI Psychology Department 28

29 Survey as a research method Definition: Interview Types of Survey Questionnaire Open Types of questions Structured Types of interview Closed Unstructured Closed multiple choice Closed Likert scale Semi-structured King Edward VI Psychology Department 29

30 Evaluation of Surveys Method Strengths Weaknesses Closed question questionnaire Open question questionnaire Unstructured interview Structured interview Semi-structured interview King Edward VI Psychology Department 30

31 Evidence of practice You must complete a survey which includes both open and closed questions. Introduction: Title and background research: Research aim: Independent and dependent variables (IV/DV): IV: DV: Alternative hypothesis (one or two-tailed): Null hypothesis: Sample (including target population & sampling method with justification) Results of pilot study and solutions: King Edward VI Psychology Department 31

32 Examples of open and closed questions: Examples of qualitative and quantitative data obtained from questions: Ethical considerations: Procedure: King Edward VI Psychology Department 32

33 Results: Conclusion: Link to aim and theory: King Edward VI Psychology Department 33

34 Evaluation of survey. Title: GRAVE Generalisability Reliability Application Validity Ethics King Edward VI Psychology Department 34

35 Past paper questions 1 Discrimination is most accurately defined as A pre-judging someone before finding anything out about them. B behaving differently towards someone from another group. C believing that a member of another group is not as good as you. D stereotyping others based only on their appearance. 2 Which of the following is an illustration of moral strain? A Ali often forgets his homework and always gives his teacher a poor excuse because he does not care. B Jackie goes out with her friends because she thinks she deserves a night out after working hard all week. C Asmara helps an old man across the road because he is partially sighted and cannot see the traffic lights changing. D Kazim has been asked to do something he believes to be wrong but does not want to disobey his father. 3 Complete the following table to show the findings of Milgram s 1963 study. (2) Findings Percentage (%) Participants who continued shocking to 300 volts Participants who continued shocking to 450 volts 4 Outline one of Milgram s variation studies of obedience. (3 marks) 5 (a) What did Milgram mean by the agentic state? (2) (b) Evaluate Milgram s Agency Theory. (4) King Edward VI Psychology Department 35

36 6 You will have learned about one of the following studies in detail from the Social Approach: Tajfel et al. (1971) Sherif et al. (1961) Reicher and Haslam (2006) (a) Describe one study from the list. (5) (b) Outline one strength and one weakness of the study you described in (a). (4) 7 (a) Social identity theory includes the concept of social comparison. What is meant by social comparison? (2) (b) Evaluate social identity theory as an explanation of prejudice. (4) 8 As part of the course requirements for the Social Approach you will have conducted a survey (interview/questionnaire). (a) Outline the alternative hypothesis of your survey and state whether it is directional (onetailed) or non-directional (two-tailed). (3) (b) Outline one problem you came across when planning and/or carrying out the survey (interview/questionnaire). (2) (c) Explain how you might have addressed (or did address) this problem when planning and/or carrying out the survey (interview/questionnaire). (2) 9 Explain why in psychology it might be preferable to use a research method that produces qualitative rather than quantitative data.(4) 10 Hassan does not want his participants to guess the purpose of his investigation. What feature is Hassan trying to avoid? A Demand characteristics B Order effects C Counterbalancing D Randomisation King Edward VI Psychology Department 36

37 11 Identify the two correct statements below. A Social psychology is concerned with the effects of groups on behaviour. B Social psychology is concerned with the effects of the nervous system on behaviour. C Social psychology is concerned with the effects of the role of cognition on behaviour. D Social psychology is concerned with the effects of rewards and punishments on behaviour. E Social psychology is concerned with the effects of cultural norms on behaviour. 12 There are concerns about possible violence at the football world cup. Dr Nelson, a psychologist, has been brought in to try and help the police understand what causes prejudice; she also wants to look at blind obedience amongst some fans. Using ideas from social psychology, explain what advice Dr Nelson could give to help the police. (5) 13 Describe Hofling et al s (1966) study of obedience in a hospital setting. (5) *14 Describe and evaluate Milgram s agency theory. (12) King Edward VI Psychology Department 37