This is Ethics. Preface Acknowledgements

Transcription

1 This is Ethics Jussi Suikkanen Preface Acknowledgements Part 1 What s in Our Interests? 1 Pleasure Three Questions about Pleasure What is Pleasure? The Sensation View The Attitude View The Desire View Physiology of Pleasure* Value of Pleasure Hedonism Pluralism about Prudential Value Pessimism about the Value of Pleasure* Annotated bibliography 2 Happiness, Well-being and the Meaning of Life Hedonism, Again Satisfaction Theories Desire Satisfaction Theories of Well-being Objections to Desire Satisfaction Theories Life Satisfaction Theories of Happiness An Objection to Life Satisfaction Theories Objective List Theories Objections to the Objective List Theories The Capability Approach* Happiness and the Meaning of Life Emotional State Theory of Happiness The Question of the Meaning of Life Susan Wolf s Fitting Fulfillment Theory Part 2 Normative Ethics 3 Egoism and Altruism Different Forms of Egoism and Altruism

2 Two Arguments for Ethical Egoism The Ought Implies Can Argument The Practical Reasons Argument Two Objections to Psychological Egoism The Everyday Objection The Evolutionary Objection Moore s Argument against Ethical Egoism* Problems of Moore s Argument* Gauthier s Contractarianism The Paradox of Social Co-operation Contractarianism as a Solution The Compliance Problem Summary Problems with Gauthier s Theory Objection 1: Scope of Moral Concern Objection 2: Deception Objection 3: Acting for Right Reasons 4 Consequentialism and Kantian Ethics Consequentialism Utilitarianism Deliberation Procedure vs. Criterion of Rightness Direct vs. Indirect Forms of Consequentialism Utilitarianism vs. Richer Conceptions of Value Actual vs. Expected Value Maximizing vs. Satisficing Mill s Argument for Utilitarianism The Problems with Mill s Argument Saving Mill s Argument Kantian Ethics The Good Will The Universalization Test Duties, Right and Wrong Why Do the Right Thing? Counterexamples and Convergence Counterexamples to Utilitarianism Counterexamples to the Categorical Imperative Utilitarian and Consequentialist Responses to the Counterexamples* Kantian Responses to the Counterexamples* Convergence*

3 5 Intuitionism, Particularism and Virtue Ethics Ross s Objection to Consequentialism and Kant s Ethics Intuitionism in Normative Ethics Prima Facie Duties How Do You Know? Prima Facie Duties and Holism Particularism Prima Facie Duties and Actual Duties Holism and Particularism* Knowing What Is Right* Virtue Ethics Flourishing Virtue Acquisition Acting Virtuously Right and Wrong Acts Two Objections to Virtue Ethics Part 3 Metaethics 6 Subjectivism, Relativism and Divine Commands Subjectivism Advantages of Subjectivism Objections to Subjectivism Relativism Advantages of Relativism Problems of Relativism Disagreement Moral Fallibility Tolerance Multiculturalism Divine Command Theory Divine Command Theory and Moral Words Divine Command Theory and Moral Properties Advantages of Divine Command Theory The Euthyphro Dilemma* What Is Right Explains What God Commands* God s Commands Explain What Is Right* 7 Naturalism and the Open Question Argument Moral Realism

4 Naturalism vs. Non-Naturalism Pros and Cons of Non-Naturalism The Open Question Argument Stage 1: Words and Properties Stage 2: Moral Words and Moral Properties Stage 3: The Open Question Test Stage 4: Moral Words and Open Questions Stage 5: Putting the Argument Together Responses to the Open Question Argument Response 1: Begging the Question Response 2: Making Know-how Explicit Response 3: The Sense/Reference Distinction Intuitionism in Metaethics* The Problem of Knowledge* Foundationalism to Rescue* Misconceptions and Problems* 8 Moral Motivation and Expressivism The Argument from Motivation Humean Theory of Motivation Directions of Fit The Role of Beliefs and Desires Moral Judgment Internalism Very Strong Internalism Weakness of Will Strong Internalism Counterexamples to Strong Internalism Amoralists Bad People A Case of Depression Expressivism The Core Claims of Expressivism Responses to Two Common Objections The Frege-Geach Problem Embedded Claims Valid Inferences* The Negation Problem* Part 4 Ethical Questions 9 Moral Responsibility

5 What Is Moral Responsibility? Causal Responsibility and Attributability The Agency Condition Freedom and Real Selves The Freedom Principle: A Threat for Moral Responsibility The Consequence Argument The Problem of Luck Galen Strawson s Argument against Moral Responsibility The Frankfurt Cases Objections and Responses* The Deep Attributability Principle Frankfurt s Higher-Order Desire Theory The Real Self Watson s Theory of the Real Self The Time-Slice Problem Responsiveness to Reasons 10 Population Growth and Climate Change The Non-Identity Effect The Repugnant Conclusion The Average Utility Principle Critical-level Utilitarianism* Variable Value View and Intuitions* Climate Change and Personal Obligations Carbon Offsetting Climate Change and Governments The Discount Rate* The Social Action Problem Climate Change and Uncertainty Maximizing Expected Value*