Analytical Computation of Thermal Response Characteristics of Homogeneous and Composite Walls of Building and Insulating Materials Used In India
|
|
- Beverly Lawson
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Analytical Computation of Thermal Response Characteristics of Homogeneous and Composite Walls of Building and Insulating Materials Used In India ABSTRACT Saboor S, Research scholar [NITK, Surathkal, India] Ashok Babu T.P., Ph.D [NITK, Surathkal, India] Climate responsive building design involves the study of the thermal response of building and insulating materials exposed to periodic changes of environmental conditions. For calculation of such unsteady thermal characteristics, one dimensional heat flow diffusion equation under periodic boundary conditions was solved using matrix algebra and thermal characteristics like admittance, transmittance, decrement factor, time lag, surface factor and surface factor time lags were calculated for homogeneous and composite walls. In this study, ten building and ten insulating materials were studied. Optimum wall thicknesses of building and insulating materials were calculated. From the results, it was concluded that mud phuska and coconut pitch are the most recommended homogeneous building and insulation materials respectively, among studied building and insulating materials, from lower decrement factor and higher time lag point of view. It is found that the insulation materials are highly responsive to short wave radiation than that of building materials. From the study, ultimately it is concluded that Burnt brick composite walls with Coconut pitch insulation is the best composite wall among all studied walls for reduced cooling loads and the most energy efficient building construction. INTRODUCTION The building sector represents about 33% of power consumption in India, with the commercial sector and residential sector accounting for 8% and 25% respectively (ECBC, 2009). Buildings are also responsible for carbon dioxide emissions with a consequential impact on global warming. The building envelope is the physical barrier that separates the interior of the building from the outdoor environment. The purpose of the envelope of a building is to act as a passive climate modifier to help in maintaining an indoor environment more suitable for habitation than the outdoors. Previously, The EN ISO 13786:2007 procedure has been compared with fast Fourier transform analysis (Gasparellaa et al., 2011). The effects of thermo physical properties and thickness of a wall of a building on time lag and decrement factor have been investigated using crank Nicolson method by many researchers (Asan et al., 1998). Numerical computations of time lag and decrement factor for different building materials were also investigated (Asan, 2006) and also Effects of Wall s insulation thickness and position on time lag and decrement factor were studied in detail (Asan, 1998). The present study focuses on the cyclic response admittance method to calculate unsteady state thermal characteristics of the homogeneous and composite walls for more energy efficient building design. ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR WALL THERMAL RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS The admittance procedure is used (CIBSE, 2006) to calculate the unsteady state parameter values which use matrices to simplify the temperature and energy cycles for a composite building fabric 1
2 element that is subjected to sinusoidal temperature variations at the sol air node. The temperature distribution in a homogeneous wall subjected to one dimensional heat flow is given by the diffusion equation, (,) = (, ) (1) Fourier equation can be written as shown in Equation 2. (,) = h(+)+h(+)(2 ) (2) Where, =! " # When the conducting medium finite thickness slab X, temperature and flows at the two surfaces are considered then the above equation can be written as, $ % h()+)) *h()+))+, '=(.$ / ' (3) & % *h()+))+, h()+)) & / Where, cyclic thickness ())= " #= 2 and Characteristic admittance of slab(,) = 2# " 3 = 2 2. Transmission matrix of single layer can be written as (Davies, 2004), + ( +4), $ ( 4+)., + ' (4) Where, constants = cosh())cos ()), = sinh())sin ()), = cosh())sin())+sinh())cos ()) 2 and 4 = cosh())sin()) sinh())cos ()) 2. Transmission matrix of surface internal (R si ) and external (R se ) film resistances can be written as, = = > AB 0 1 D,E = = AF 0 1 D (5) Transmission matrix for composite wall can be written as, $ B ' = > AB & B 0 1 D> / G D> H / H / H G H D.> AF / 0 1 D$ F ' (6) & F Where, x and y represent number of layers of the wall. Transmission matrix can be further reduced as follows, $ B '=$ / '$ F ' (7) & B G K & F From the above matrices, the following unsteady state thermal characteristics can be calculated. Thermal Transmittance (U) This is the steady state heat flow through the element per unit degree of temperature difference between the internal and external environmental temperatures per unit area. Thermal Admittance (Y) This is the amount of energy leaving the internal surface of the element into the room per unit degree of temperature swing. L =ǀN & B O P ǀ=ǀ / ǀ (8) Q RST Time lead for thermal admittance (ω) It is the time difference between the timing of the peak heat flow at the internal surface and timing of the peak internal temperature. U = 12 WX( / Y (9) / ) Decrement factor (f) It is the attenuation of sinusoidal wave as it progresses through the wall. Z = ǀ 1 ǀ (10) [ Decrement delay (ϕ) It is the time lag between the timing of the internal temperature peak and the peak heat flow out of the external surface. \ = 12 1 WX(,2,V [ 1 Y (11) ) [ 2
3 Surface factor (F) It is the ratio of the swing in heat flow from the internal surface of the element to the swing in heat flow received at the internal surface of the element. ] = ǀ / AB^ _ ǀ (12) Time lag for the surface factor (ѱ) It is the time lag between the timing of the peak heat flow entering the surface and peak heat flow leaving the surface into the room. ` = 12 ABN,2,V AB N Y (13) / P ) Optimum wall thickness (d) It is the thickness of the wall at which the wall has its maximum heat storage. E = c/U (14) UNSTEADY STATE THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMOGENEOUS AND COMPOSITE WALLS Table 1 shows the thermo-physical properties of Building materials at 50 o C and Table 2 shows the thermo-physical properties of Insulating materials considered for the study at 50 o C (SP:41, 1987). Ten building and ten insulation materials were selected for the study from Indian standard guide for heat insulation of non industrial buildings as per IS code The methods used to measure thermal conductivities (k) of building and insulating materials in IS code are guarded hot plate method and ASTM heat flow methods (IS 3792, 1978). Thermal properties k, Cp and α represent thermal conductivity specific heat capacity and thermal diffusivity respectively. ρ is the density of material. Table 1. Thermo Physical Properties of Building materials at 50 o C (*Experimental values) k ρ Cp α x10-7 Building material Code (W/mK) (kg/m 3 ) (/kgk) (m 2 /s) Malabar Laterite Stone* BM Madras Black clay BM Indore Black clay BM Slate BM Burnt brick BM Mud brick BM Reinforced brick BM Brick tile BM Mud phuska BM Cinder concrete BM Plaster* P / Table 2. Thermo Physical Properties of Insulating materials at 50 o C k ρ Cp Insulating material Code (W/mK) (kg/m 3 ) (/kgk) α x10-7 (m 2 /s) Saw dust IM Rice husk IM Coir board IM ute felt IM ute fiber IM Coconut pitch insulation IM Straw board IM Asbestos fiber IM Wall board IM Chip board IM
4 The computer program was developed and used to calculate the unsteady state thermal characteristics of homogeneous and composite walls. Figure 1 shows the images of building and insulating materials considered for the study. The building materials are coded from BM1 to BM10 whereas the insulating materials are coded from IM1 to IM10. Plaster was represented by code P. Thermal properties of Laterite stone (BM1) and plaster (P) were measured experimentally using ISO transient plane source method at K-Analys AB, Sweden. Table 3 and Table 4 show the unsteady state thermal characteristics of building and insulating materials, respectively. The nominal thickness of the homogeneous wall was taken as 0.2m. Table 3. Unsteady state thermal characteristics of Building materials Code U (W/m 2 K) f Φ Y (W/m 2 K) BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM Code ω Table 4. Unsteady state thermal characteristics of Insulating materials U Φ Y ω (W/m 2 f K) (W/m 2 F K) IM IM IM IM IM IM IM IM IM IM F Ѱ Ѱ Configuration C.W-1 C.W-2 C.W-3 C.W-4 C.W-5 Table 5. Configuration of Composite walls Thickness (m) P BM IM BM P P BM IM BM P P BM IM BM P P BM IM BM P P BM IM BM P One dimensional diffusion equation was solved under periodic boundary conditions using matrix algebra. The transmission matrix for a homogeneous wall was shown by Eqs.(4). The transmission matrix for internal and external surface resistances is shown by Eqs. (5). In the present study, the walls are considered as external walls therefore external and internal surface resistances selected are 0.04 m 2 K/W and 0.13 m 2 K/W respectively as per CIBSE standards. Among all the studied insulating materials, coconut pitch insulation (IM6) is found to be energy efficient from lowest decrement factor (0.22) and highest time lag (11.80h) point of view. Hence this insulation is used to frame the composite walls with the most commonly used building materials in South India. Five composite walls are coded from C.W-1 to C.W-5. Figure 2 shows the configuration of composite wall. Table 5 shows the configuration of 4
5 composite walls with thicknesses of plaster, building materials and Insulation materials. Table 6 shows the unsteady state thermal characteristics of composite walls. Images of homogeneous materials ( Images of building materials ( Images of Figure 1 insulating materials Table 6. Unsteady state thermal characteristics of Composite walls U Code C.W-1 C.W-2 C.W-3 C.W-4 C.W-5 Figure 2 Plaster) (W/m2K) f Φ Y (W/m2K) ω F Ѱ Configuration of composite wall ( BM: Building material, IM: Insulating material, P: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Wall thickness greater than optimum does not give any additional energy storage benefits rather it reduces energy storage. The physical explanation given is that as heat stored in the fabric from previous days tries to escape, it meets with the current heat flow attempting to enter the fabric. Also, as d increases, after the peak Y value has been achieved, the thermal transmittance, U and volumetric heat capacity, continue to increase. Optimum wall thicknesses for building and insulating materials were calculated using Eqs. (14) (Magyari et al., 1998). Figure 3 (a) and Figure 3 (b) show the variation of admittance and transmittance of the building materials with thickness. From figures, it is observed that for thin cross section fabrics admittance is equal to the transmittance. The values of A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and represent the optimum fabric thicknesses of the building materials from BM1 to BM10 respectively. Figure 4 (a) and Figure 4 (b) show the variation of admittance and transmittance of the insulating materials with thickness. The values of a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i and j represent the optimum fabric thickness 5
6 of the insulating materials from IM1 to IM10 respectively. The results show that among all the ten building materials studied, Mud phuska (BM9) has least optimum fabric thickness value I (0.118m) and slate (BM4) has higher optimum fabric thickness value D (0.169m). It is observed that among all the ten insulating materials studied, Coconut pitch insulation (IM6) material has least optimum fabric thickness value f (0.064m) and rice husk (IM2) has higher optimum fabric thickness value b (0.127m). At an optimum fabric thickness all the building and insulating materials have the maximum thermal heat capacity. Figure 3 (a) Optimum wall thickness of Building materials (BM1 to BM5) (b) Optimum wall thickness of Building materials (BM6 to BM10) Figure 4 (a) Optimum wall thickness of Insulation materials (IM1 to IM5) (b) Optimum wall thickness of Insulation materials (IM6 to IM10) Figure 5 (a) Decrement factor of Building materials (b) Time lag of Building materials Figure 5 and Figure 6 show the effects of wall thickness of the homogeneous building and insulating materials on the decrement factor and it s time lag respectively. The decrement factor of the building material decreases with an increase in the wall thickness. The time lag of building materials 6
7 increases with an increase in the wall thickness. The smaller decrement factors and larger time lags are the more effective for the walls at suppressing temperature swings. Figure 6 Figure 7 materials (a) Decrement factor of Insulation materials (b) Time lag of Insulation materials (a) Surface factor of Building materials (b) Surface factor Time lag of Building Figure 8 (a) Surface factor of Insulation materials (b) Surface factor Time lag of Insulation materials From Figure 5, it is apparent that mud phuska (BM9) has least decrement factor (0.5) and higher decrement time lags (6.74) whereas cinder concrete (BM10) has higher decrement factors and lower time lags among ten building materials studied. From Figure 6, it is observed that coconut pitch insulation (IM6) has least decrement factor (0.24) and higher decrement time lags (11.41) whereas rice husk (IM2) has higher decrement factors and lower time lags among ten insulating materials studied. From Figure 7, it is observed that among ten studied building materials, slate (BM4) is slow responsive to short wave radiation due to its lowest surface factor (0.33) and highest surface factor time lags (2.09h) whereas mud phuska (BM9) is fast responsive to short wave radiation due to its higher surface factor (0.55) and lower surface factor time lags (1.46). 7
8 From Figure 8, it is noticed that among ten insulating materials studied, chip board insulation (IM10) is slow responsive to short wave radiation due to its low surface factor (0.86) and high surface factor time lags (0.49h) whereas coir board (IM3) is fast responsive to short wave radiation due to its higher surface factor (0.95) and lower surface factor time lags (0.17h). From Figure 7 and Figure 8, it is seen that surface factor and it s time lag do not depend on the thickness of the wall, but they depend only on thermal conductivity of the building or insulating material and the insulating materials are fast responsive to short wave radiation than the building materials due to their higher surface factors and lower surface factor time lags. In practice, building walls are composite i.e., they are constructed with the combination of two or more homogeneous materials. Hence the best insulation material (coconut pitch (IM6)) among ten studied insulating materials was used as insulation material to frame composite walls with the most commonly used building materials (among ten building materials), Laterite stone (BM1), burnt bricks (BM5), mud bricks (BM6), reinforced brick (BM7) cinder concrete (BM10) and plaster (P). The insulation material was placed at the center of the composite wall as shown in Figure 2. From Table 6, it is observed that laterite stone composite walls (C.W-1) with Coconut pitch insulation (IM6) give lowest decrement factor values (0.32) and burnt brick composite walls (C.W-2) give highest decrement time lags (9.1h) whereas cinder concrete composite walls (C.W-5) with coconut pitch insulation give highest decrement factor (0.42) and lowest decrement time lags (8.09h). CONCLUSION Laterite stone and burnt brick composite walls with Coconut pitch insulation are the best composite walls for reduced cooling loads due to smaller decrement factors (0.30) and higher time lag values (9.1h) respectively, among studied composite walls. Mud phuska and coconut pitch have the least optimum fabric thickness (0.118m & 0.064m) among all the building and insulating materials studied respectively. Using these materials in construction, energy can be saved with smaller thicknesses of the walls. Mud phuska is the best homogeneous building material from the least decrement factor (0.5) and the highest time lag (6.74h) point of view among studied building materials and coconut pitch is the best homogeneous insulation material due to its lowest decrement factor (0.24) and highest time lag (11.41h) values among studied insulating materials. Hence, these are recommended for energy efficient building construction among studied materials. The insulating materials are fast responsive to short wave radiation than the building materials due to their higher surface factors and lower surface factor time lags. Hence insulation materials should not be exposed to direct radiation. REFERENCES Asan, H Numerical computations of time lag and decrement factors for different building materials. Building and Environment 41(5): Asan, H Effects of Wall s insulation thickness and position on time lag and decrement factor. Energy and Buildings 28(3): Asan, H., and Y.S. Sancaktar Effects of Wall s thermo physical properties on time lag and decrement factor. Energy and Buildings 28(2): CIBSE, CIBSE Environmental Design Guide-A. 7 th ed., chartered Institution of Building services engineers, London. pp Davies, M.G Building Heat Transfer, ohn-wiley & sons Ltd. pp ECBC Energy conservation building code, Bureau of energy efficiency, India, pp.1-2. Gasparellaa, A., Pernigottob, G., Baratieri, M. and P. Baggioc Thermal dynamic transfer properties of the opaque envelope: Analytical and numerical tools for the assessment of the response to summer outdoor conditions. Energy and Buildings, 43(9): IS: Indian standard guide for heat insulation of non industrial buildings, Indian standards institution, New delhi, India., pp Magyari, E., and B. Keller The storage capacity of a harmonically heated slab revisited. International journal of heat and mass transfer, 41(10): SP:41 (S&T) Handbook on functional Requirement of Buildings other than industrial buildings. Bureau of Indian Standards, India., pp
Module 1 : Conduction. Lecture 5 : 1D conduction example problems. 2D conduction
Module 1 : Conduction Lecture 5 : 1D conduction example problems. 2D conduction Objectives In this class: An example of optimization for insulation thickness is solved. The 1D conduction is considered
More informationHEAT LOAD AND SOLAR GAIN PREDICTION FOR SOLID WALL DWELLINGS RETROFITTED WITH TRIPLE VACUUM GLAZING FOR SELECTED WINDOW TO WALL AREA RATIOS
HEAT LOAD AND SOLAR GAIN PREDICTION FOR SOLID WALL DWELLINGS RETROFITTED WITH TRIPLE VACUUM GLAZING FOR SELECTED WINDOW TO WALL AREA RATIOS Saim Memon Philip C. Eames Centre for Renewable Energy Systems
More informationSELECTIVE GLAZING FOR SUN CONTROL
SUN CONTROL GLAZING SELECTIVE GLAZING FOR SUN CONTROL Sun Factor 1st level performance for direct solar energy Solar energy control Solar control coating Only if the glass is exposed to sun rays! 2nd level
More informationSistema de Etiquetagem Energética de Produtos (SEEP) Energy Labeling System for Products
Sistema de Etiquetagem Energética de Produtos (SEEP) Energy Labeling System for Products 10 reasons for an energy labeling system (1/2) The buildings sector is responsible for a considerable share of final
More informationBuilding envelope and heat capacity: re-discovering the thermal mass for winter energy saving
346 2nd PALENC Conference and 28th AIVC Conference on Building Low Energy Cooling and Building envelope and heat capacity: re-discovering the thermal mass for winter energy saving S. Ferrari Politecnico
More informationInvestigation of thermal resistance and bridging in examples of contemporary and vernacular solid wall architecture
Investigation of thermal resistance and bridging in examples of contemporary and vernacular solid wall architecture Oliver Kinnane, PhD March BE Jennifer McGinn, MAI Patrick O Shea MAI John Grimes, MPhil
More informationHEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF COLD STORAGE
HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF COLD STORAGE Upamanyu Bangale and Samir Deshmukh Department of Mechanical Engineering, SGBA University, Amravati, India ABSTRACT India is largest producer of fruit and vegetable
More informationThermal Performance of Steel Beam Junctions using Different Connection Methods
Modern methods of construction and prefabrication Sustainable building design Construction and life cycle costing Steel, concrete, timber, masonry and glass construction Construction design guidance and
More informationConductive and Radiative Heat Transfer in Insulators
Conductive and Radiative Heat Transfer in Insulators Akhan Tleoubaev, Ph.D. LaserComp, Inc., December 1998 Heat transfer for most thermal insulation materials occurs via both conduction and radiation.
More informationAdaptive strategies for office spaces in the UK climate
International Conference Passive and Low Energy Cooling 631 Adaptive strategies for office spaces in the UK climate I. Gallou Environment & Energy Studies Programme, Architectural Association Graduate
More information1/9/2013. Terminology Calculating Heat Transfer Code Requirements Design Examples and Sustainability
1/9/13 By Brett T. Fagan, P.E. Presented by Marie Horan, P.E. Building Diagnostics, Inc. Building Diagnostics Terminology Calculating Heat Transfer Code Requirements Design Examples and Sustainability
More informationANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2004 Building Thermal Envelope and Fabric Load Tests
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2004 Building Thermal Envelope and Fabric Load Tests DesignBuilder Version 1.2.0 (incorporating EnergyPlus version 1.3.0) - June 2006 1.0 Purpose The ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2004
More informationCFD SIMULATION OF SDHW STORAGE TANK WITH AND WITHOUT HEATER
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 1, Issue2, July-2012 1 CFD SIMULATION OF SDHW STORAGE TANK WITH AND WITHOUT HEATER ABSTRACT (1) Mr. Mainak Bhaumik M.E. (Thermal Engg.)
More informationEVERYDAY ENGINEERING EXAMPLES FOR SIMPLE CONCEPTS
EVERYDAY ENGINEERING EXAMPLES FOR SIMPLE CONCEPTS Thermal Properties ENGR 3350 - Materials Science Dr. Nedim Vardar Copyright 2015 Thermal Properties of Materials Engage: MSEIP Engineering Everyday Engineering
More informationHOW TO CONDUCT ENERGY SAVINGS ANALYSIS IN A FACILITY VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY
HOW TO CONDUCT ENERGY SAVINGS ANALYSIS IN A FACILITY VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY Benson Kwong, CVS, PE, CEM, LEED AP, CCE envergie consulting, LLC Biography Benson Kwong is an independent consultant providing
More informationEnergy and Buildings
Energy and Buildings 59 (2013) 62 72 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Energy and Buildings j our na l ho me p age: www.elsevier.com/locate/enbuild Experimental thermal characterization
More informationEnergy Efficient Building Design College of Architecture Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago. Ceiling/Airspace
HEAT GAINS and LOSSES : ROOFS and WALLS Wall Roof Ts To Ts To Ti Ceiling/Airspace Ti Roof and wall are analyzed in the same way. In winter the heat loss is simple transmission based on the inside and outside
More informationThe calculus and simulation of underfloor heating systems
The calculus and simulation of underfloor heating systems DORIN CRISTIAN NĂSTAC*, IOAN CĂLDARE**, IOAN GIURCA***, CORNEL MUNTEA*** * Building Services Engineering Department, Transilvania University of
More informationEco Pelmet Modelling and Assessment. CFD Based Study. Report Number 610.14351-R1D1. 13 January 2015
EcoPelmet Pty Ltd c/- Geoff Hesford Engineering 45 Market Street FREMANTLE WA 6160 Version: Page 2 PREPARED BY: ABN 29 001 584 612 2 Lincoln Street Lane Cove NSW 2066 Australia (PO Box 176 Lane Cove NSW
More informationIntroduction to Energy Performance of Brick Masonry
TECHNICAL NOTES on Brick Construction 1850 Centennial Park Drive, Reston, Virginia 20191 www.gobrick.com 703-620-0010 Introduction to Energy Performance of Brick Masonry 4 January 2016 Abstract: Thermal
More informationDevelopment of conservation compatible new materials for envelope retrofitting of historic buildings
Development of conservation compatible new materials for envelope retrofitting of historic buildings Carsten Hermann, Senior Technical Officer, Historic Scotland Glasgow is one of seven EFFESUS case study
More informationComparison of two calculation methods used to estimate cooling energy demand and indoor summer temperatures
Comparison of two calculation methods used to estimate cooling energy demand and indoor summer temperatures Kai Sirén and Ala Hasan Helsinki University of Technology, Finland Corresponding email: kai.siren@tkk.fi
More informationSENSITIVITY STUDY FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STRATEGIES OF OFFICE BUILDINGS IN CENTRAL CHILE: EFFECTIVENESS OF NOCTURNAL VENTILATION.
SENSITIVITY STUDY FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STRATEGIES OF OFFICE BUILDINGS IN CENTRAL CHILE: EFFECTIVENESS OF NOCTURNAL VENTILATION. Waldo Bustamante *1, Felipe Encinas 2 and Francisco Sánchez de la Flor
More informationR-VALUES AND U-FACTORS OF SINGLE WYTHE CONCRETE MASONRY WALLS. TEK 6-2C Energy & IAQ (2013) Related TEK: 2-5B, 6-1C, 6-4B, 6-11A, 6-12C, 6-12D, 6-12E
An information series from the national authority on concrete masonry technology R-VALUES AND U-FACTORS OF SINGLE WYTHE CONCRETE MASONRY WALLS TEK 6-2C Energy & IAQ (201) INTRODUCTION Single wythe concrete
More informationHeating Load Calculation
Heating Load Calculation ME 425 Air Conditioning System Design Keith E. Elder, P.E. Heating Load Calculation The heating load calculation begins with the determination of heat loss through a variety of
More informationEnergy Efficiency in Buildings
Energy Efficiency in Buildings Supplemental Guide to SANS 10400-XA & SANS 204 V. 3.0 Registered to: The Drawing Studio Image: digitalart / FreeDigitalPhotos.net Report Date: 26 August 2014 Practice Name:
More informationWindow Thermal Performance Optimization in Governmental Emirati Housing Prototype in Abu Dhabi, UAE
Window Thermal Performance Optimization in Governmental Emirati Housing Prototype in Abu Dhabi, UAE Abuimara, Tareq A 1 ; Tabet Aoul, Kheira A. 1 1 Department of Architectural Engineering, United Arab
More informationSAFIR A software for modelling. to the fire
SAFIR A software for modelling the behaviour of structure subjected to the fire Jean-Marc Franssen jm.franssen@ulg.ac.be University of Liege SAFIR Introduction Basic theory of thermal calculations Three
More informationUnbeatable energy efficient glass curtain wall system
Unbeatable energy efficient glass curtain wall system CONTENT Introduction 1 System 2 World Class Engineering 4 Unit Selection 5 Energy Efficiency & Comfort 10 Maximised Installation Efficiency 12 Aesthetics
More informationAn Investigation of the Radiative Heat Transfer through Nonwoven Fibrous Materials
An Investigation of the Radiative Heat Transfer through Nonwoven Fibrous Materials Imad Qashou 1, Hooman Vahedi Tafreshi 2, Behnam Pourdeyhimi 3 1 Fiberweb Inc., Old Hickory, Tennessee, USA 2 Mechanical
More informationFigure 1 - Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in a One-dimensional Slab
The Numerical Method of Lines for Partial Differential Equations by Michael B. Cutlip, University of Connecticut and Mordechai Shacham, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev The method of lines is a general
More informationEXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PARTIAL AND FULLY CHARGED THERMAL STRATIFIED HOT WATER STORAGE TANKS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET) International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359
More informationThe Warm Edge for insulating glass
The Warm Edge for insulating glass 1. 3. SGGSWISSPACER 2. 4. The best product on the market by quite an edge Energy saving Lower heating costs through better insulation: the thermally improved spacer SGG
More informationANALYSIS OF INDOOR PERFORMANCE OF HOUSES USING RAMMED EARTH WALLS. Veronica Soebarto The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Eleventh International IBPSA Conference Glasgow, Scotland July 27-30, 2009 ANALYSIS OF INDOOR PERFORMANCE OF HOUSES USING RAMMED EARTH WALLS Veronica Soebarto The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
More informationCHAPTER 3. BUILDING THERMAL LOAD ESTIMATION
CHAPTER 3. BUILDING THERMAL LOAD ESTIMATION 3.1 Purpose of Thermal Load Estimation 3.2 Heating Load versus Cooling Load 3.3 Critical Conditions for Design 3.4 Manual versus Computer Calculations 3.5 Heating
More informationTHE EFFECT OF WINDOW POSITION AND WINDOW SIZE ON THE ENERGY DEMAND FOR HEATING, COOLING AND ELECTRIC LIGHTING. R.M.J. Bokel
THE EFFECT OF WINDOW POSITION AND WINDOW SIZE ON THE ENERGY DEMAND FOR HEATING, COOLING AND ELECTRIC LIGHTING R.M.J. Bokel Department of Architecture, Delft Technical University, Delft, The Netherlands,
More informationEcofys VII U-Values for Better Energy Performance of Buildings
Ecofys VII U-Values for Better Energy Performance of Buildings Quantifying the potential I II III IV & V VI Climate Protection Regulation Cost Effectiveness Enlarged EU Price Scenario Key figures from
More informationThe Influence of Insulation Styles on the Air Conditioning Load of Japanese Multi- Family Residences
The Influence of Insulation Styles on the Air Conditioning Load of Japanese Multi- Family Residences Yupeng Wang 1, and Hiroatsu Fukuda 2 1 Department of BCEE, Concordia University, Canada, Email: wangyupeng0628@gmail.com
More informationTEXTILE FABRICS AS THERMAL INSULATORS
TEXTILE FABRICS AS THERMAL INSULATORS Zeinab S. Abdel-Rehim 1, M. M. Saad 2, M. El-Shakankery 2 and I. Hanafy 3 1 Mechanical Engineering Department of the National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt 2
More informationSteady Heat Conduction
Steady Heat Conduction In thermodynamics, we considered the amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes a process from one equilibrium state to another. hermodynamics gives no indication of how long
More informationAir Conditioning, Comfort and Energy in India s Commercial Building Sector
Air Conditioning, Comfort and Energy in India s Commercial Building Sector THINK.CHANGE.DO Leena Thomas Richard dedear Rajan Rawal Ashok Lall PC Thomas University of Technology, Sydney Sydney University
More informationUnderstanding Heat Transfer
Thermal Mass and R-Value: Making Sense of a Confusing Issue Understanding Heat Transfer Thermal Mass Thermal Bridging Overall R Value or Whole Wall R Value "Mass-Enhanced R-Value" Thermal lag or time delay
More informationNatural Convection. Buoyancy force
Natural Convection In natural convection, the fluid motion occurs by natural means such as buoyancy. Since the fluid velocity associated with natural convection is relatively low, the heat transfer coefficient
More informationMulti-layer Insulation Blanket for Roofs
Multilayer Insulation Blanket for Roofs Thermal Insulation in a 40mm thin, flexible, multilayer membrane Meets requirements of L1A, L1B 2010 In accordance with BR443 NHBC Acceptance Pitched & Flat roof
More informationStudies energy efficiency of the renewable sources use considering climate in Latvia
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia (25) www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia 6th International Building Physics Conference, IBPC 25 Studies energy efficiency of the renewable
More informationIntegration of a fin experiment into the undergraduate heat transfer laboratory
Integration of a fin experiment into the undergraduate heat transfer laboratory H. I. Abu-Mulaweh Mechanical Engineering Department, Purdue University at Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA E-mail: mulaweh@engr.ipfw.edu
More informationTECH BULLETIN. Roofing No. Impact of Temperature on Polyiso R-value. Subject: Impact of Temperature on the R-value for Polyisocyanurate Insulation
TECH BULLETIN Roofing No. 3016 Subject: Impact of erature on the R-value for Polyisocyanurate Insulation Date: February 2014 (Revised May 2015) The blowing agents used in polyisocyanurate (polyiso) foam
More informationLecture 9, Thermal Notes, 3.054
Lecture 9, Thermal Notes, 3.054 Thermal Properties of Foams Closed cell foams widely used for thermal insulation Only materials with lower conductivity are aerogels (tend to be brittle and weak) and vacuum
More informationCAN DEMAND CONTROLLED VENTILATION REPLACE SPACE HEATING IN OFFICE BUILDINGS WITH LOW HEATING DEMAND?
Topic B3: Control of indoor environment CAN DEMAND CONTROLLED VENTILATION REPLACE SPACE HEATING IN OFFICE BUILDINGS WITH LOW HEATING DEMAND? Axel CABLE 1,*, Mads MYSEN 1,2, Kari THUNSHELLE 1 1 SINTEF,
More informationNUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BIOHEAT TRANSFER PROCESS IN THE HUMAN EYE USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BIOHEAT TRANSFER PROCESS IN THE HUMAN EYE USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD Marek Paruch Department for Strength
More informationNorwegian Tax Authority - Oslo Norway
1. INTRODUCTION Norwegian Tax Authority - Oslo Norway PROJECT SUMMARY Year of construction - 1980 No previous energy renovations SPECIAL FEATURES Main topics in the renovation are: High insulated pre fabricated
More informationKerkstoel Activ Floors for concrete core activation
Kerkstoel Activ Floors for concrete core activation Built on experience, driven by innovation Concrete core activation: rational, economical and sustainable Building with concrete core activation is building
More informationCrawl space heat and moisture behaviour
Crawl space heat and moisture behaviour Miimu Airaksinen, Dr., Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT miimu.airaksinen@vtt.fi, www.vtt.fi KEYWORDS: crawl space, moisture, evaporation from ground, ground
More informationThermal Bridging of Masonry Veneer Claddings and Energy Code Compliance
Thermal Bridging of Masonry Veneer Claddings and Energy Code Compliance! Graham Finch, MASc, P.Eng Mike Wilson, MEng, P.Eng James Higgins, Dipl.T RDH Building Engineering Ltd. Vancouver, BC June 3, 2013
More informationThermal Mass Availability for Cooling Data Centers during Power Shutdown
2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions (2010, vol 116, part 2). For personal use only. Additional reproduction,
More informationModule 3.7. Thermal bridging
Module 3.7 Thermal bridging Learning Outcomes On successful completion of this module learners will be able to - Describe construction details which influence thermal bridging. 2 Introduction to thermal
More informationClimate and Energy Responsive Housing in Continental Climates. The Suitability of Passive Houses for Iran's Dry and Cold Climate. Farshad Nasrollahi
Climate and Energy Responsive Housing in Continental Climates The Suitability of Passive Houses for Iran's Dry and Cold Climate Farshad Nasrollahi Table of Contents Abstract German Abstract Introduction
More informationMold Preventing I nterior System
interior insulation and renovation boards A system of components that have been designed to work perfectly together to repair damage caused by mold. The system consists of boards, insulation wedges, reveal
More informationMechanical and Natural Ventilation
BBSE3006: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration II http://www.hku.hk/bse/bbse3006/ Mechanical and Natural Ventilation Dr. Sam C. M. Hui Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong E-mail:
More informationThe Influence Of Window Type And Orientation On Energy-Saving In Buildings Application To A Single Family Dwelling
The Influence Of Window Type And Orientation On Energy-Saving In Buildings Application To A Single Family Dwelling Urbikain M. K., Mvuama M. C., García Gáfaro C. and Sala Lizarraga J. M. The University
More informationFire and Concrete Structures
Fire and Concrete Structures Authors: David N. Bilow, P.E., S.E., Director, Engineered Structures, Portland Cement Association 5420 Old Orchard Road, Skokie, IL 60077,Phone 847-972-9064, email: dbilow@cement.org
More informationRate of Heating Analysis of Data Centers during Power Shutdown
2011. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions, Volume 117, Part 1. For personal use only. Additional reproduction,
More informationENERGY AUDIT. Project : Industrial building United Arab Emirates (Case study) Contact person (DERBIGUM):
ENERGY AUDIT Project : Industrial building United Arab Emirates (Case study) Contact person (DERBIGUM): Leonard Fernandes DERBIGUM project reference : UAE -2014 - EA 103 Author : Daniel Heffinck (DERBIGUM)
More informationIntroduction. 1. Heat Transfer. In Townsville s climate it is essential to choose building materials that perform well in our local conditions.
In Townsville s climate it is essential to choose building materials that perform well in our local conditions. Choosing the correct materials and insulation will improve the overall thermal performance
More informationIEA SHC Task 47 Renovation of Non-Residential Buildings towards Sustainable Standards
Date of revision: 15.6.2012 Osram Culture Centre Copenhagen, Denmark Valhalsgade 4, 2200 Copenhagen N 1. INTRODUCTION PROJECT SUMMARY Construction year: 1953 Energy renovation: 2009 No past energy renovations
More informationCONDENSATION IN REFRIDGERATED BUILDINGS
CONDENSATION IN REFRIDGERATED BUILDINGS By: Steve Salisbury Nov. 10, 2010 (revised Nov. 14, 2013) Introduction The following discussion reviews the basic causes of condensation in refrigerated buildings
More informationXFA 600 Thermal Diffusivity Thermal Conductivity
XFA 600 Thermal Diffusivity Thermal Conductivity Thermal Diffusivity, Thermal Conductivity Information of the thermo physical properties of materials and heat transfer optimization of final products is
More informationDow Corning PROPRIETARY. Dow Corning. A Thermal Modelling Comparison of Typical Curtain Wall Systems
Dow Corning A Thermal Modelling Comparison of Typical Curtain Wall Systems Introduction Today s Aim To understand the meaning of a U value and window energy ratings Discuss the drivers for energy efficiency
More informationRoof insulations must perform the basic function of helping to control fluctuations in building interior temperature
Thermal Values Roof insulations must perform the basic function of helping to control fluctuations in building interior temperature relative to changing exterior temperatures. By reducing interior temperature
More informationLife Cycle Assessment of zero- emission façade construction
Life Cycle Assessment of zero- emission façade construction Speakers: Barecka, M. 1 ; Zbiciński, I. 1 ; Heim, D. 1 1 Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland Abstract: In the research of zero- emission
More informationHEAT TRANSFER IM0245 3 LECTURE HOURS PER WEEK THERMODYNAMICS - IM0237 2014_1
COURSE CODE INTENSITY PRE-REQUISITE CO-REQUISITE CREDITS ACTUALIZATION DATE HEAT TRANSFER IM05 LECTURE HOURS PER WEEK 8 HOURS CLASSROOM ON 6 WEEKS, HOURS LABORATORY, HOURS OF INDEPENDENT WORK THERMODYNAMICS
More informationFACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF BUILDINGS
FACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF BUILDINGS 1 Ralf Lindberg, Professor Minna Korpi, M.Sc. Juha Vinha, Dr.Tech. June 11, 2008 Department of Civil Engineering, Tampere University of Technology 2 BACKGROUND
More informationPassive Solar Design and Concepts
Passive Solar Design and Concepts Daylighting 1 Passive Solar Heating Good architecture? The judicious use of south glazing coupled with appropriate shading and thermal mass. Summer Winter Passive solar
More informationThe Thermal Conductivity of Common Tubing Materials Applied in a Solar Water Heater Collector
he hermal Conductivity of Common ubing Materials Applied in a Solar Water Heater Collector John E. Patterson, Ph.D. and Ronald J. Miers, Ph.D. Western Carolina University Cullowhee, North Carolina he resurgence
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF SHAPE AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF METAL PARTICLES ON THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METAL-POLYMER COMPOSITES
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 6, Issue 12, Dec 2015, pp. 30-35, Article ID: IJMET_06_12_004 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=6&itype=12
More informationAdapting to Change: New Thinking on Comfort Natural ventilation in UK schools: design options for passive cooling Steven Firth* and Malcolm Cook
Proceedings of Conference: Adapting to Change: New Thinking on Comfort Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK, 9-11 April 2010. London: Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings, http://nceub.org.uk Natural
More informationBuilding materials thermal conductivity measurement and correlation with heat flow meter, laser flash analysis and TCi
J Therm Anal Calorim DOI 10.1007/s10973-011-1760-x Building materials thermal conductivity measurement and correlation with heat flow meter, laser flash analysis and TCi Junghoon Cha Jungki Seo Sumin Kim
More informationCFD Analysis of Application of Phase Change Material in Automotive Climate Control Systems
CFD Analysis of Application of Phase Change Material in Automotive Climate Control Systems Vijayakumar Nachimuthu 1, Prabhu Mani 2, Muthukumar. P 3 1 Flowxplore, Coimbatore, India., 2 Kathir College of
More informationDetermination of Thermal Conductivity of Coarse and Fine Sand Soils
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress Bali, Indonesia, - April Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Coarse and Fine Sand Soils Indra Noer Hamdhan 1 and Barry G. Clarke 2 1 Bandung National of Institute
More informationThe soot and scale problems
Dr. Albrecht Kaupp Page 1 The soot and scale problems Issue Soot and scale do not only increase energy consumption but are as well a major cause of tube failure. Learning Objectives Understanding the implications
More informationExemplary Retrofitting of an Old School in Stuttgart - EROS -
Exemplary Retrofitting of an Old School in Stuttgart - EROS - City of Stuttgart, Summary The objective of the project was to demonstrate the potentials of a retrofitting process for a typical school in
More informationCLT - healthy, solid and cost-efficient
CLT - healthy, solid and cost-efficient Jørgen Tycho Massiv Lust AS jorgen@massivlust.no Mekanisk industri Massiv Lust AS Flystripe Dypvannskai 4 departments Architectural design Production CNC-Formatting
More informationIntegrated Solar Radiant Systems
Integrated Solar Radiant Systems William Shady PE President Topics Radiant heating Indoor air quality Radiant Cooling Project Photos Questions and answers The goal for our clients Healthy Comfort Why Radiant
More informationUnderstanding BS EN 771-3: Aggregate concrete masonry units
60 Charles Street, Leicester LE1 1FB Tel: 0116 253 6161 Fax: 0116 251 4568 Email: enquiries@cba-blocks.org.uk Website: www.cba-blocks.org.uk February 2006 Understanding BS EN 771-3: Aggregate concrete
More informationThermal diffusivity and conductivity - an introduction to theory and practice
Thermal diffusivity and conductivity - an introduction to theory and practice Utrecht, 02 October 2014 Dr. Hans-W. Marx Linseis Messgeräte GmbH Vielitzer Str. 43 D-95100 Selb / GERMANY www.linseis.com
More informationENERGY DISPERSION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % HIGH PRECISION WIRELESS HEAT FLOW METER
0 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 10 ENERGY DISPERSION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % HIGH PRECISION WIRELESS HEAT FLOW METER Thermozig In-situ measurement of thermal transmittance
More informationTechnical Paper 10. U values and traditional buildings
Conservation Group Technical Paper 10 U values and traditional buildings In situ measurements and their comparisons to calculated values Dr. Paul Baker (Glasgow Caledonian University) January 2011 Historic
More informationModels and Methods in Applied Sciences
Energy consumption and energy saving in Malaysian office buildings S.Sadrzadehrafiei, K.Sopian S.Mat, C.Lim Solar Energy Research Institute University Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600, Bangi, Malaysia s.sadr.r@gmail.com,
More informationHVAC Calculations and Duct Sizing
PDH Course M199 HVAC Calculations and Duct Sizing Gary D. Beckfeld, M.S.E., P.E. 2007 PDH Center 2410 Dakota Lakes Drive Herndon, VA 20171-2995 Phone: 703-478-6833 Fax: 703-481-9535 www.pdhcenter.com An
More informationBUILDING ENERGY NEEDS with particular attention paid to THERMAL INSULATION
BILDING ENERGY NEEDS with particular attention paid to keep the heat in keep the heat in keep the heat in keep the heat in keep the heat in keep the heat in keep the heat in HERMAL INSLAION keep the heat
More informationThe First Law of Thermodynamics
The First aw of Thermodynamics Q and W are process (path)-dependent. (Q W) = E int is independent of the process. E int = E int,f E int,i = Q W (first law) Q: + heat into the system; heat lost from the
More informationEXPERT OPINION on the applicability of the construction technology "GRÈMOUND non-tectonic system on grounds of the documentation submitted
ÉMI Építésügyi Minőségellenőrző Innovációs Nonprofit Kft. [ÉMI Non-Profit Limited Liability Company for Quality Control and Innovation in Building; ÉMI Non-Profit Ltd.] Address: 1113 Budapest, Diószegi
More informationEffect of design parameters on temperature rise of windings of dry type electrical transformer
Effect of design parameters on temperature rise of windings of dry type electrical transformer Vikas Kumar a, *, T. Vijay Kumar b, K.B. Dora c a Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University
More informationTHE PSEUDO SINGLE ROW RADIATOR DESIGN
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016, pp. 146-153, Article ID: IJMET_07_01_015 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=7&itype=1
More informationHOW AN ENERGY EFFICIENT HOME CAN HELP THE ENVIRONMENT
HOW AN ENERGY EFFICIENT HOME CAN HELP THE ENVIRONMENT During the last century, concern about the environment increased, as issues such as global warming and the Greenhouse Effect convinced us that the
More informationEuropean technical approval
Authorised and notified according to Article 10 of the Council Directive 89/ 106/EEC of 21 December 1988 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of Member States relating
More informationCoupling Forced Convection in Air Gaps with Heat and Moisture Transfer inside Constructions
Coupling Forced Convection in Air Gaps with Heat and Moisture Transfer inside Constructions M. Bianchi Janetti 1, F. Ochs 1 and R. Pfluger 1 1 University of Innsbruck, Unit for Energy Efficient Buildings,
More informationComparing Air Cooler Ratings Part 1: Not All Rating Methods are Created Equal
Technical Bulletin By Bruce I. Nelson, P.E., President, Colmac Coil Manufacturing, Inc. Comparing Air Cooler Ratings Part 1: Not All Rating Methods are Created Equal SUMMARY Refrigeration air coolers (evaporators)
More informationOptimum fin spacing for fan-cooled heat sinks
Optimum fin spacing for fan-cooled heat sinks Keywords: optimum fin spacing fan-cooled heat sink heatsink optimal fin pitch parallel plate fin array optimization forced air cooling fan curve pressure drop
More informationINJECTION MOLDING COOLING TIME REDUCTION AND THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS
INJECTION MOLDING COOLING TIME REDUCTION AND THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS Tom Kimerling University of Massachusetts, Amherst MIE 605 Finite Element Analysis Spring 2002 ABSTRACT A FEA transient thermal structural
More information