4 Changes in matter by periodic data. 3 Chem/Phys properties and periodic trends. 2 Chem/Phys and periodic groups. 1 Periodic symbols

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1 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter

2 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Thursday, February 6, 07

3 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Periods: Periods are the horizontal rows on the table.

4 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Look at the periods. What do you notice? What do they have in common?

5 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Same number of energy shells! One energy shell Two! Energy shells Four! energy shells

6 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Same number of valance electrons! One valance electron! Two! valance electrons! The valance electrons of the transition metals vary. The valance electrons of the elements in -8 are equal to the one place =, =, 5=5 so on.. The valance electrons of the transition metals vary (not shown). Usually -

7 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Write: Period is equal to the number of energy levels

8 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Characteristics of the Periods: ) Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells ) There are 7 periods ) Period is equal to the number of energy levels

9 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Groups or families: The are the columns

10 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Look at the. What do you notice? What do they have in common?

11 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Same number of valance electrons! One valance electron! Two! valance electrons! The valance electrons of the transition metals vary. The valance electrons of the elements in -8 are equal to the one place =, =, 5=5 so on.. The valance electrons of the transition metals vary (not shown). Usually -

12 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter The valance electrons equal to the one place =. =, =, =, 5=5 so on. Transition metals vary

13 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Characteristics of the Groups: ) Elements in the same group have the same number of valance electrons. ) The valance electrons equal to the one place =. =, =, =, 5=5 so on. Transition elements vary

14 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter The Valence Electrons As stated, the valance electrons are the electrons involved in chemical reactions.

15 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Two ways to represent Valence Electrons Lewis dot structure The dots Equal the Number of Valance electrons Bohr model Shows all electrons, the ones on the outer shell are valance electrons

16 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter How to draw a Lewis Dot Structure ) Write out the element symbol ) Find the number of valance electrons. ) Draw the valance electrons as dots Start at the top fill in clockwise. Start here Fill in clockwise All done!

17 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter How to draw a Bohr Diagram e- = 6 C P + = 6 N 0 = 6 Example: Carbon has 6 protons, 6 neutrons.. Draw a circle with the element symbol inside (shade in a little).. Write the number of Protons Neutrons. Put a + by the P a little 0 by the N.. Somewhere next to the model write the number of electrons.

18 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter How to draw a Bohr Diagram Remember that the period number tells you how many shells one has one energy level, period have h so on..

19 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter How to draw a Bohr Diagram e- = 6 C P + = 6 N 0 = 6 Example: Carbon is in the nd period, so it has two energy levels, or shells. 5. Find out which period (row) your element is in draw that many circles.

20 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter e- = 6 How to draw a Bohr Diagram C P + = 6 N 0 = 6 6. **Electron Rule! First shell = electrons nd shell = 8 electrons rd shell=8 electrons (not always) th shell+= next year..

21 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter e- = 6 How to draw a Bohr Diagram Example: Neutral Carbon has 6 electrons, first shell has electrons, left. 7. Find out the number of electrons draw them as dots on each shell. 8. Start with the first shell, add two electrons (dots) draw them on opposite sides. 9. Keep filling in shells

22 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter How to draw a Bohr Diagram e- = 6 electrons left. Draw them on the second shell. 0) The last shell should be equal to the number of valance electrons

23 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter What is an ionic Bond? Give an example of an ionic bond Naming ionic bonds: Formula to name Naming ionic bonds: Formula to name... Ionic Bonds summary

24 REMEMBER!! Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Chemical Bonds A chemical bond is the force of attraction that holds two atoms together. Two types: Ionic Bond Covalent bond Na Attractive Force Cl

25 REMEMBER!! Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter What is the driving force of chemical reactions? Chemical reactions form Chemical bonds to make atoms more STABLE!

26 REMEMBER!! Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter (you already have these notes). Metals lose electrons, become Cations, Ion charge is equal to the valance electrons.. Non-metals gain electrons, become anions, Ion charge equal to #number of valance electrons need to fill shell.

27 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter To calculate charge Metals lose electrons, become cations, Ion charge is equal to the valance electrons. POSITIVE CHARGE! = -5-8= - 5-8= - 6-8= - 7-8= - (boron only) Non-metals gain electrons, become anions, Ion charge equal to #number of valance electrons need to fill shell. Group number -8; = NO CHARGE!

28 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter IONIC BOND Formed between two ions by the transfer of electrons (not shared)

29 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Ionic bond Example Electron from Na is transferred to Cl. The Na becomes (Na+) the Cl becomes (Cl-), charged particles or ions. The charged ions are held together. Overall charge is 0.

30 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Using Lewis dot structures. Positive negative ions are combined so that the total number of positive charges is balanced by the total number of negative charges. For example, CuS, CuCl, AlCl Al O

31 Naming Ionic Compounds Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Naming Ionic Bonds: Formula to name:. Write the name of the cation first (use roman numeral if necessary). Write the name of the anion (use the ide ending) Example: Na S is named as sodium sulfide Problems:. MgO. CaBr

32 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Naming Ionic Bonds: Name to formula: THE OVERALL CHARGE OF AN IONIC BOND IS ZERO! So how many of each ions do we need?? Barium Chloride The charge here would be +, NO!!

33 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Naming Ionic Bonds: Name to formula: THE OVERALL CHARGE OF AN IONIC BOND IS ZERO! So how many of each ions do we need?? Barium Chloride The charge here would be +, NO!!

34 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Naming Ionic Bonds: Name to formula:. THE OVERALL CHARGE IS ZERO!. Write the of both elements. Write the charge each as superscript. Ignore the charges 5. Criss-cross the superscript so they become subscript 6. Reduce when possible. (draw this) Barium Chloride

35 Learning goal: Predict of elements compounds using of the table know how energy can alter Examples: Lead (IV) Oxide Problems: Magnesium oxide Potassium iodide Tin (II) oxide

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