REVIEW OF PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL AT MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS DISCHARGING TO THE LAKE SIMCOE WATERSHED

Transcription

1 REVIEW OF PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL AT MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS DISCHARGING TO THE LAKE SIMCOE WATERSHED 2010 Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL

2 REVIEW OF PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL AT MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS DISCHARGING TO THE LAKE SIMCOE WATERSHED Prepared for: WATER ENVIRONMENT ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO P.O. Box 176 Milton, Ontario L9T 4N9 Lake Simcoe Clean-Up Fund (Environment Canada) Ministry of the Environment Water Environment Association of Ontario Prepared by: XCG CONSULTANTS LTD Bristol Circle Suite 300 Oakville, Ontario L6H 6Z7

3 Municipal Sewage Treatment Plans Discharging to the Lake Simcoe Watershed ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Review of Phosphorus Removal at Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants Discharging to the Lake Simcoe Watershed was prepared by XCG Consultants Ltd. Under the guidance of a Technical Steering Committee identified below. This document underwent review by the various stakeholders, including the STP Managers and staff from the facilities included, and others as listed below. Technical Steering Committee Catherine Jefferson, MSc, Water Environment Association of Ontario (WEAO) Sandra Kok, P. Eng., Environment Canada George Lai, M. Eng., P. Eng., WEAO Mano Manoharan, Ph. D., P. Eng., Standards Development Branch, Ministry of the Environment (MOE) Sumithra Naguleswaran, P. Eng., Standards Development Branch, MOE Andre Schnell, M. Eng., P. Eng., Standards Development Branch, MOE Peter Seto, Ph. D., P. Eng., Environment Canada Daisy Yixun Shen, Standards Development Branch, MOE Thom Sloley, P. Eng., WEAO and Regional Municipality of Durham Other Manish Kaushal, M. Eng., P. Eng., Lake Simcoe Project, MOE Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL i

4 Municipal Sewage Treatment Plans Discharging to the Lake Simcoe Watershed Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION Background Objectives Scope of Investigation METHODOLOGY Upgrades to Achieve 0.10 mg/l Total Phosphorus Upgrades to Achieve 0.05 mg/l Total Phosphorus Upgrades to Lagoon Based Systems Uxbridge Brook WPCP Performance Requirements Historical Performance Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.05 mg/l Summary of Conceptual Level Upgrade Costs Beaver River #1 (Sunderland) WPCP Performance Requirements Historical Performance Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.05 mg/l Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration Summary of Conceptual Level Upgrade Costs Lake Simcoe (Beaverton) WPCP Performance Requirements Historical Performance Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.05 mg/l Summary of Conceptual Level Upgrade Costs Beaver River #2 (Cannington) WPCP Performance Requirements Historical Performance Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.05 mg/l Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration Summary of Conceptual Level Upgrade Costs Schomberg WPCP Performance Requirements Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL ii

5 Municipal Sewage Treatment Plans Discharging to the Lake Simcoe Watershed Historical Performance Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.05 mg/l Summary of Conceptual Level Upgrade Costs Sutton WPCP Performance Requirements Historical Performance Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.05 mg/l Summary of Conceptual Level Upgrade Costs Holland Landing WPCP Performance Requirements Historical Performance Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.05 mg/l Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration Summary of Conceptual Level Upgrade Costs Keswick WPCP Performance Requirements Historical Performance Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.05 mg/l Summary of Conceptual Level Upgrade Costs Mount Albert WPCP Performance Requirements Historical Performance Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.05 mg/l Summary of Conceptual Level Upgrade Costs Barrie WPCC Performance Requirements Historical Performance Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.05 mg/l Summary of Conceptual Level Upgrade Costs Bradford WPCP Performance Requirements Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL iii

6 Municipal Sewage Treatment Plans Discharging to the Lake Simcoe Watershed Historical Performance Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.05 mg/l Summary of Conceptual Level Upgrade Costs Innisfil WPCP Performance Requirements Historical Performance Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.05 mg/l Summary of Conceptual Level Upgrade Costs Orillia WWTC Performance Requirements Historical Performance Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.05 mg/l Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration Summary of Conceptual Level Upgrade Costs Lagoon City STP Performance Requirements Historical Performance Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.05 mg/l Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration Summary of Conceptual Level Upgrade Costs Summary of Historical Phosphorus Removal Performance and Upgrades Historical Performance Upgrades to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l Upgrades to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.05 mg/l Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration Instead of Tertiary Filtration NON POINT-SOURCE PHOSPHORUS REDUCTION Background Costing Methodology Agriculture Opportunities for Phosphorus Reduction Agricultural BMP s Holland Marsh Polder Water Treatment Urban Stormwater New Urban Developments Existing Urban Areas Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL iv

7 Municipal Sewage Treatment Plans Discharging to the Lake Simcoe Watershed Opportunities for Phosphorus Reduction SUMMARY REFERENCES TABLE Table 1.1 STP s Discharging to the Lake Simcoe Watershed Table 3.1 Certificate of Approval and Interim Effluent Phosphorus Objectives and Limits for the Uxbridge Brook WPCP Table 3.2 Historic Phosphorus Removal at the Uxbridge Brook WPCP Table 3.3 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration for the Uxbridge Brook WPCP Table 3.4 Certificate of Approval and Interim Effluent Phosphorus Objectives and Limits for the Beaver River #1 WPCP Table 3.5 Historic Phosphorus Removal at the Beaver River #1 WPCP Table 3.6 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Secondary Treatment with Tertiary Filtration for the Beaver River #1 WPCP Table 3.7 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Secondary Treatment with Membrane Ultrafiltration for the Beaver River #1 WPCP Table 3.8 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration Instead of Tertiary Filtration for the Beaver River #1 WPCP Table 3.9 Certificate of Approval and Interim Effluent Phosphorus Objectives and Limits for the Lake Simcoe WPCP Table 3.10 Historic Phosphorus Removal at the Lake Simcoe WPCP Table 3.11 Incremental Costs to Expand the Existing Tertiary Treatment for the Lake Simcoe WPCP Table 3.12 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration for the Lake Simcoe WPCP Table 3.13 Certificate of Approval and Interim Effluent Phosphorus Objectives and Limits for the Beaver River #2 WPCP Table 3.14 Historic Phosphorus Removal at the Beaver River #2 WPCP Table 3.15 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Secondary Treatment with Tertiary Filtration for the Beaver River #2 WPCP Table 3.16 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Secondary Treatment with Membrane Ultrafiltration for the Beaver River #2 WPCP Table 3.17 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration Instead of Tertiary Filtration for the Beaver River #2 WPCP Table 3.18 Certificate of Approval and Interim Effluent Phosphorus Objectives and Limits for the Schomberg WPCP Table 3.19 Historic Phosphorus Removal at the Schomberg WPCP Table 3.20 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Secondary Treatment with Tertiary Filtration for the Schomberg WPCP Table 3.21 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration for the Schomberg WPCP Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL v

8 Municipal Sewage Treatment Plans Discharging to the Lake Simcoe Watershed Table 3.22 Certificate of Approval and Interim Effluent Phosphorus Objectives and Limits for the Sutton WPCP Table 3.23 Historic Phosphorus Removal at the Sutton WPCP Table 3.24 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration for the Sutton WPCP Table 3.25 Certificate of Approval and Interim Effluent Phosphorus Objectives and Limits for the Holland Landing WPCP Table 3.26 Historic Phosphorus Removal at the Holland Landing WPCP Table 3.27 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Secondary Treatment with Tertiary Filtration for the Holland Landing WPCP Table 3.28 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Secondary Treatment with Membrane Ultrafiltration for the Holland Landing WPCP Table 3.29 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration Instead of Tertiary Filtration for the Holland Landing WPCP Table 3.30 Certificate of Approval and Interim Effluent Phosphorus Objectives and Limits for the Keswick WPCP Table 3.31 Historic Phosphorus Removal at the Keswick WPCP Table 3.32 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration for the Keswick WPCP Table 3.33 Certificate of Approval and Interim Effluent Phosphorus Objectives and Limits for the Mount Albert WPCP Table 3.34 Historic Phosphorus Removal at the Mount Albert WPCP Table 3.35 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration for the Mount Albert WPCP Table 3.36 Certificate of Approval and Interim Effluent Phosphorus Objectives and Limits for the Barrie WPCC Table 3.37 Historic Phosphorus Removal at the Barrie WPCC Table 3.38 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration for the Barrie WPCC Table 3.39 Certificate of Approval and Interim Effluent Phosphorus Objectives and Limits for the Bradford WPCP Table 3.40 Historic Phosphorus Removal at the Bradford WPCP Table 3.41 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration for the Bradford WPCP Table 3.42 Certificate of Approval and Interim Effluent Phosphorus Objectives and Limits for the Innisfil WPCP Table 3.43 Historic Phosphorus Removal at the Innisfil WPCP Table 3.44 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration for the Innisfil WPCP Table 3.45 Certificate of Approval and Interim Effluent Phosphorus Objectives and Limits for the Orillia WWTC Table 3.46 Historic Phosphorus Removal at the Orillia WWTC Table 3.47 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Tertiary Filtration for the Orillia WWTC 3-63 Table 3.48 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration for the Orillia WWTC Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL vi

9 Municipal Sewage Treatment Plans Discharging to the Lake Simcoe Watershed Table 3.49 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration Instead of Tertiary Filtration for the Orillia WWTC Table 3.50 Certificate of Approval and Interim Effluent Phosphorus Objectives and Limits for the Lagoon City STP Table 3.51 Historic Phosphorus Removal at the Lagoon City STP Table 3.52 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Tertiary Filtration for the Lagoon City STP Table 3.53 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration for the Lagoon City STP Table 3.54 Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration Instead of Tertiary Filtration for the Lagoon City STP Table 3.55 Estimated Annual Phosphorus Loadings by STP Table 3.56 Summary of Upgrades to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l Table 3.57 Summary of Upgrades to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.05 mg/l Table 3.58 Summary of Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration iary Filtration Table 4.1 Incremental Costs for Best Management Practices in the Lake Simcoe Watershed Table 4.2 Incremental Costs for Physical/Chemical Treatment of the Holland Marsh Polder Water Table 4.3 Retrofit Costs to Provide Level 1 Stormwater Treatment to Existing Urban Areas in the Lake Simcoe Watershed FIGURE Figure 1.1 Lake Simcoe Watershed (Courtesy of MOE) Figure 3.1 Uxbridge Brook WPCP Process Flow Diagram Figure 3.2 Unit Removal Costs for the Uxbridge Brook WPCP Figure 3.3 Beaver River #1 WPCP Process Flow Diagram Figure 3.4 Unit Removal Costs for the Beaver River #1 WPCP Figure 3.5 Lake Simcoe WPCP Process Flow Diagram Figure 3.6 Unit Removal Costs for Lake Simcoe WPCP Figure 3.7 Beaver River #2 WPCP Process Flow Diagram Figure 3.8 Unit Removal Costs for the Beaver River #2 WPCP Figure 3.9 Schomberg WPCP Process Flow Diagram Figure 3.10 Unit Removal Costs for the Schomberg WPCP Figure 3.11 Sutton WPCP Process Flow Diagram Figure 3.12 Unit Removal Costs for the Sutton WPCP Figure 3.13 Holland Landing WPCP Process Flow Diagram Figure 3.15 Unit Removal Costs for the Holland Landing WPCP Figure 3.15 Keswick WPCP Process Flow Diagram Figure 3.16 Unit Removal Costs for the Keswick WPCP Figure 3.17 Mount Albert WPCP Process Flow Diagram Figure 3.18 Unit Removal Costs for the Mount Albert WPCP Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL vii

10 Municipal Sewage Treatment Plans Discharging to the Lake Simcoe Watershed Figure 3.19 Barrie WPCC Process Flow Diagram Figure 3.20 Unit Removal Costs for the Barrie WPCC Figure 3.21 Bradford WPCP Process Flow Diagram Figure 3.22 Unit Removal Costs for the Bradford WPCP Figure 3.23 Innisfil WPCP Process Flow Diagram Figure 3.24 Unit Removal Costs for the Innisfil WPCP Figure 3.25 Orillia WWTC Process Flow Diagram Figure 3.26 Unit Removal Costs for Orillia WWTC Figure 3.27 Lagoon City STP Process Flow Diagram Figure 3.28 Unit Removal Costs for Lagoon City STP Figure 3.29 Average Annual Effluent TP Loading to Lake Simcoe by Treatment Plant 3-74 Figure 3.30 Average Annual Effluent TP Loading to Lake Simcoe by Treatment Plant Upon Completion of Current Upgrades Figure 3.31 Average Annual Effluent TP Loading to Lake Simcoe by Treatment Plant After Upgrades to Tertiary Filtration Figure 3.32 Average Annual Effluent TP Loading to Lake Simcoe by Treatment Plant After Upgrades to Membrane Ultrafiltration Figure 3.33 Summary of Historic and Upgraded Unit Phosphorus Removal Costs Figure 4.1 Sources of Phosphorus Loading to Lake Simcoe (Adapted from LSRCA and MOE data sets on phosphorus loading from 2002 to 2007) Figure 5.1 Annual Phosphorus Loading Reductions Figure Year Life Cycle Cost for Phosphorus Removal Alternatives Figure 5.3 Overall Unit Removal Costs for Phosphorus Removal Alternatives Figure 5.4 Sources of Phosphorus Loading to Lake Simcoe APPENDIX Appendix A List of Abbreviations Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL viii

11 INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The Lake Simcoe Watershed spans 722 km 2 and provides drinking water and a source of livelihood and recreation for more than 400,000 permanent and transient residents around the Lake (LSRCA, 2007). Four decades of scientific review and research has identified phosphorus as a key contaminant resulting in significant stress on the Lake Simcoe basin, necessitating a phosphorus reduction strategy to better control and limit the impact of phosphorus loading to the Lake and its ecosystem. In March 2008, the Ontario Water Resources Act for the Protection of Lake Simcoe (Ontario Regulation 60/08) came into effect imposing interim annual phosphorus loading limits on sewage treatment plants discharging to the Lake Simcoe Watershed for the period from April 1, 2008 to March 31, This was later amended to extend to March 31, 2010 in Ontario Regulation 130/09. In June 2009, the Lake Simcoe Protection Plan was released, with the aim of reducing overall phosphorus loading from all sources to the Lake Simcoe Watershed. Under the Lake Simcoe Protection Plan, long-term phosphorus loading limits will be proposed within one year of the Plan coming into effect. Through consultations among various Ontario government ministries, First Nations and Métis communities, the Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, municipalities, and watershed residents and other stakeholders, the Ontario government has developed a draft Phosphorus Reduction Strategy (PRS) for the Lake Simcoe Watershed. The strategy lays out a phased, coordinated, and adaptive management approach for reducing phosphorus loadings to Lake Simcoe. The draft PRS was posted on Ontario s Environmental Registry for public consultation ( on February 17, Total annual phosphorus loading to Lake Simcoe from 2004 to 2007 ranged from 71.5 to 77.3 tonnes (LSRCA, 2007). Over that period, annual phosphorus loading from Sewage Treatment Plants (STP s) discharging to the watershed ranged from 5.3 to 6.8 tonnes (LSRCA, 2007), which was equivalent to approximately 7.5 percent to 9.2 percent of the total phosphorus loading to Lake Simcoe. The interim limit for the total annual phosphorus load from municipal STP s to Lake Simcoe is 7.3 tonnes (Ontario Regulation 60/08). Although the phosphorus loading from the STP s is currently within the limits set forth in the interim regulations, new urban development as a result of the Province s Places to Grow initiative will result in increased wastewater flows and phosphorus loading unless improvements in treatment are provided. Currently, 14 municipal sewage treatment plants, including secondary treatment plants, tertiary treatment plants and lagoon-based systems, discharge treated effluent to the Lake Simcoe Watershed. This study was undertaken to review phosphorus removal strategies and technologies at these 14 STP s. Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL 1-1

12 INTRODUCTION 1.2 Objectives XCG Consultants Ltd. (XCG) was retained to conduct a study on the 14 STP s discharging to the Lake Simcoe Watershed. The purpose of the study was threefold: 1. To review the current design, performance and associated costs of phosphorus removal at each of the 14 STP s discharging to the Lake Simcoe Watershed; 2. To develop conceptual level designs and order of magnitude costs to achieve enhanced levels of phosphorus removal at these plants; and 3. To compare the order of magnitude costs to achieve enhanced levels of phosphorus removal at the 14 STP s in the Lake Simcoe Watershed with the conceptual level costs to achieve reduced phosphorus loadings from rural and urban non-point sources. 1.3 Scope of Investigation Table 1.1 identifies the 14 municipal STP s that were included in this review. The list of STP s discharging to Lake Simcoe presented in Table 1.1 includes eleven mechanical plants and three lagoon based systems. Of the eleven mechanical plants, nine facilities utilize or are in the process of constructing tertiary treatment for phosphorus removal. The review of phosphorus removal at each STP consisted of the following steps. 1. Site visits were conducted with plant operations staff in order to review plant operations and to discuss plant performance with respect to phosphorus removal. 2. Process design information, performance and operating data and costs for were collected and analyzed to assess the current performance of each STP with respect to phosphorus removal. No independent sampling or monitoring of STP performance was undertaken as part of this evaluation. 3. Opportunities to improve the performance of each STP with respect to phosphorus removal involving little to no capital cost via optimization were identified where applicable. 4. Where performance is limited by the capabilities of the existing facilities, upgrades to consistently achieve an objective concentration of 0.10 mg/l effluent total phosphorus (TP) were identified. Conceptual level costs were developed for the upgrades. 5. Conceptual level designs for upgrades to achieve effluent TP objective concentrations in line with the Limit of Technology (LoT) were considered for each plant. For the purposes of this review, the achievable effluent TP concentration, based on implementing the LoT, was assumed to be 0.05 mg/l. Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL 1-2

13 INTRODUCTION Table 1.1 STP s Discharging to the Lake Simcoe Watershed Plant Ownership Treatment Process Uxbridge Brook WPCP Beaver River # 1 WPCP (Sunderland) Lake Simcoe (Beaverton) WPCP Beaver River # 2 WPCP (Cannington) Schomberg WPCP The Regional Municipality of Durham extended aeration automatic backwash filters seasonal wastewater stabilization lagoon system extended aeration tertiary solids contact clarifier automatic backwash filters facultative seasonal discharge lagoons Holland Landing WPCP The Regional facultative seasonal discharge lagoons Keswick WPCP Municipality of York extended aeration extended aeration continuous backwash sand filters Sutton WPCP sequencing batch reactor continuous backwash sand filters Mount Albert WPCP extended aeration Barrie WPCC Bradford WPCP Innisfil WPCP Orillia WWTC Lagoon City STP Notes: The Corporation of the City of Barrie The Corporation of the Town of Bradford West Gwillimbury The Corporation of the Town of Innisfil The Corporation of the City of Orillia The Corporation of the Township of Ramara tertiary membrane ultrafiltration (1) (being installed) continuous backwash sand filters high purity oxygen (UNOX) secondary treatment tertiary nitrifying rotating biological contactors (RBC s) automatic backwash filters parallel extended aeration and SBR secondary treatment processes continuous backwash sand filters extended aeration automatic backwash sand filters continuous backwash sand filters conventional activated sludge extended aeration 1. Currently, the Keswick WPCP is equipped with dual media, automatic backwash filters for tertiary treatment. Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL 1-3

14 INTRODUCTION Figure 1.1 shows the location of the 14 municipal STP s in the Lake Simcoe Watershed Figure 1.1 Lake Simcoe Watershed (Courtesy of MOE) Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL 1-4

15 METHODOLOGY 2. METHODOLOGY Historical costs for phosphorus removal were estimated based on the actual costs incurred for chemical precipitants used for phosphorus removal and for sludge disposal. For the purposes of this analysis, it was assumed that approximately 25 percent of the actual sludge disposal cost was the result of phosphorus removal due to chemical precipitation. Historic costs do not include labour, energy or maintenance costs for the existing infrastructure. Capital and life cycle costs were developed for the conceptual level STP upgrades. All costs presented are strictly the incremental costs associated with STP upgrades for phosphorus removal. No capital costs were included for the upgrade or expansion of any other treatment process at the STP to handle flows beyond the current rated capacity of the works. Costs did not consider site specific factors such as the need to acquire additional land or site conditions that can affect capital costs. Site specific constraints such as land availability or assimilative capacity of the receiving stream were considered in the development of the conceptual level upgrades. The following notes apply to the cost estimates. All costs are presented in 2009 Canadian dollars (CAD). Peak flows used for sizing tertiary filters and membrane systems were estimated by developing an assumed service population at the Certificate of Approval (CofA) rated average day flow (ADF) capacity, based on a per capita flow of 455 L/cap/d including an allowance for I/I. This population was then used to calculate a Harmon peaking factor which was applied to the CofA rated ADF capacity, to estimate the peak flow. Operating and maintenance costs were estimated and included periodic equipment replacement where appropriate. 25-year life cycle costs were calculated assuming a 5% discount rate. All costs are conceptual level opinions of probable costs only, and are considered to be accurate to within 25% to +40 %. The unit removal costs for phosphorus are calculated by dividing the 25-year life cycle cost by the cumulative phosphorus removed over a 25-year period. Unit removal costs are presented in CAD/kg TP removed. Capital and operations and maintenance (O&M) costs were developed for the following upgrades, as described in the subsequent sub-sections: Addition/expansion of granular media filters to achieve 0.10 mg/l TP; Addition of membrane filtration systems to achieve 0.05 mg/l TP; and, Upgrade of lagoons to mechanical plants. Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL 2-1

16 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Upgrades to Achieve 0.10 mg/l Total Phosphorus In order to consistently achieve effluent at an objective TP concentration as low as 0.10 mg/l, conceptual level upgrades for STP s not currently equipped with tertiary treatment were developed. Based on the findings in Ross et al. (1994), effluent TP concentrations of less than 0.10 mg/l are achievable on a continuous basis using tertiary filtration. For the purposes of this study, conceptual level upgrades to tertiary granular media filtration with chemical addition for enhanced phosphorus removal were developed for STP s not currently equipped with tertiary filtration. Phosphorus removal and chemical dosages can be optimized via the implementation of multi-point chemical addition, which may also reduce chemical sludge production rates. The capital costs to upgrade the secondary STP s to tertiary facilities were estimated based on the addition/expansion of granular media filters at the CofA rated ADF capacity of each plant. When developing capital cost estimates associated with the addition/expansion of granular media filters, allowances were included for the following: Filter mechanism and media; Filter building construction/expansion; Process piping modifications; Yard piping; and Electrical / SCADA modifications and upgrades. An allowance of 40 percent was included to cover costs associated with engineering, mobilization, demobilization, contractor overhead, and other miscellaneous construction costs. O&M costs associated with the addition/expansion of granular media filters were developed based on the following allowances: Additional power consumption as a result of backwash pump operation; and Media replacement every 20 years. The unit removal costs for phosphorus were calculated by dividing the 25-year life cycle cost by the cumulative phosphorus removed over a 25-year period. Unit removal costs are presented in CAD/kg TP removed. 2.2 Upgrades to Achieve 0.05 mg/l Total Phosphorus Based on the results presented in Advanced Wastewater Treatment to Achieve Low Concentration of Phosphorus (EPA, 2007), effluent TP concentrations of 0.05 mg/l may be consistently achieved using advanced wastewater treatment processes. For the purpose of this analysis, effluent phosphorus concentrations produced by treatment with membrane ultrafiltration was considered to be the LoT. Therefore, in Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL 2-2

17 METHODOLOGY order to consistently achieve effluent TP objective concentrations consistent with the LoT, upgrade to membrane ultrafiltration with chemical addition for enhanced phosphorus removal would be required. Conceptual level upgrades were developed for STP s not currently equipped with membrane ultrafiltration. Phosphorus removal and chemical dosages can be optimized via the implementation of multipoint chemical addition, which may also reduce chemical sludge production rates. Capital upgrades to provide treatment to the LoT involve the addition of membrane ultrafiltration and decommissioning of the existing tertiary filters where applicable. The capital costs to upgrade the STP s to membrane ultrafiltration were estimated at the CofA rated ADF capacity of each plant. The capital cost estimates include allowances for the following: Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL 2-3 Membrane costs; Membrane system appurtenances such as permeate pumps and piping, air scour blowers, and chemical feed systems; Installation of the membrane system (including membrane building construction/expansion); Piping (including process piping modifications and yard piping); and Electrical / SCADA modifications and upgrades. The installation, piping and electrical/scada costs were estimated to be 30 percent, 40 percent, and 15 percent of the total membrane system equipment cost, including membrane ultrafiltration and membrane system appurtenances. An allowance of 30 percent was also included to cover costs associated with engineering, mobilization, demobilization, contractor overhead, and other miscellaneous costs. These percentages are based on standard cost factor ranges for equipment installation at wastewater treatment facilities (EPA, 1998). Based on supplier information for other tertiary membrane applications, an assumed peak instantaneous membrane flux of 56.8 lmh was used along with the estimated operating peak flow to develop estimated membrane surface area requirements. Supplier capital cost estimates were used to determine the capital costs for the membrane ultrafiltration and membrane appurtenances. Capital costs per m 2 of membrane surface area, over a variety of total membrane surface areas, were used to develop a membrane cost curve. These unit costs ranged from $100/m 2 for a total supplied surface area of approximately 70,000 m 2 to $215/m 2 for a total surface area of approximately 4,500 m 2. The incremental O&M costs for membrane ultrafiltration were estimated based on costs at other membrane facilities in Ontario, and include: An estimated power and chemical cost of $0.05/m 3 of wastewater treated; A maintenance allowance of $50/m 2 for the new building; and An allowance for membrane replacement of 10 percent of the capital cost.

18 METHODOLOGY The unit removal costs for phosphorus were calculated by dividing the 25-year life cycle cost by the cumulative phosphorus removed over a 25-year period. Unit removal costs are presented in CAD/kg TP removed. 2.3 Upgrades to Lagoon Based Systems In order to consistently reduce effluent TP concentrations to 0.10 mg/l and below, lagoon based systems would have to be upgraded to mechanical plants with tertiary treatment and chemical addition for enhanced phosphorus removal. Phosphorus removal and chemical dosages can be optimized via the implementation of multipoint chemical addition, which may also reduce chemical sludge production rates. The capital cost estimates associated with the upgrade from lagoon based systems to mechanical plants were based on cost curves for the construction of secondary treatment plants capable of achieving nitrification. The cost curves included allowances for the following: Control building construction; Process tankage and equipment; Unit process appurtenances such as pumps and piping, and chemical feed systems; Process piping construction/modifications; Yard piping; Electrical / SCADA modifications and upgrades; and An allowance to cover costs associated with engineering, mobilization, demobilization, contractor overhead, and other miscellaneous construction costs. The capital cost estimates for the construction of a new secondary treatment plant were based on cost curves developed by R.J. Burnside Associates Limited (Burnside, 2005), which were developed based on historical project experience, supplier and contractor input, other published costing information, municipal input, and theoretical calculations. The cost curves were presented in 2004 dollars. The capital cost estimates for the addition of nitrification to a new secondary treatment plant was based on cost curves developed by Hydromantis, Inc. (Hydromantis, Enviromega and XCG, 2004), which were developed using their proprietary Capdet Works costing program for conventional processes, and vendor cost estimates for advanced treatment. The cost curves were presented in 2004 dollars. Preliminary capital cost estimates were based on the CofA rated ADF capacity of each plant. In order to estimate the cost of construction in 2009 dollars, escalation factors obtained from the Engineering News Record (ENR) Construction Cost Index (CCI) were applied to the cost estimates. Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL 2-4

19 METHODOLOGY In the upgrade of lagoon based systems to mechanical plants with tertiary filtration, the capital costs for the construction of tertiary granular media filtration were added to the capital costs for the construction of mechanical plants in order to obtain the total capital costs for the upgrade. Similarly, the capital costs for the installation of membrane ultrafiltration systems were added to the capital costs for the construction of mechanical plants in order to obtain the overall capital costs for the upgrade of lagoon based systems to mechanical plants with membrane ultrafiltration. It should be noted that the capital cost estimates do not include allowances for decommissioning of existing infrastructure, land acquisition, or modifications to the existing collection system. O&M costs for the new mechanical treatment plants with nitrification and tertiary filtration were developed based on a cost curve for secondary treatment facilities with nitrification and tertiary filtration. The cost curve was developed based on actual O&M costs from other similarly sized secondary treatment facilities in Ontario with nitrification and tertiary filtration. An allowance for additional labour costs was also included. O&M costs for the new mechanical treatment plants with membrane ultrafiltration systems were developed based the cost curve for secondary treatment facilities with nitrification and adjusted to include O&M costs for membrane ultrafiltration based on the following allowances: Membrane replacement every 10 years (total membrane capital cost ($)/10 years); An estimated power and chemical cost of $0.05/m 3 of wastewater treated; and Maintenance of the new membrane building (typical maintenance includes building repair, paint etc). The unit removal costs for phosphorus were calculated by dividing the 25-year life cycle cost by the cumulative phosphorus removed over a 25-year period. Unit removal costs are presented in CAD/kg TP removed. Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL 2-5

20 Uxbridge Brook WPCP The Uxbridge Brook Water Pollution Control Plant (WPCP) is an extended aeration plant located at 129 Main Street North, Uxbridge Township, Ontario. The facility is owned and operated by the Regional Municipality of Durham and treats wastewater from the Town of Uxbridge. The Uxbridge Brook WPCP has a CofA rated ADF capacity of 5,221 m 3 /d and a peak flow capacity of 15,110 m 3 /d. The headworks consist of screening through an automatically raked bar screen followed by grit removal via a vortex grit removal chamber. A manually cleaned bar screen is also provided for by-pass screening. Preliminary treated effluent flows to the two aeration tanks. From the aeration tank, mixed liquor flows to the three secondary clarifiers. Clarified effluent is passed through tertiary filtration and then disinfected with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation prior to discharge into Uxbridge Brook. Waste activated sludge (WAS) is digested in an aerobic digestion system prior to being hauled to another Regional facility for disposal. Phosphorus removal at the Uxbridge WPCP is achieved by chemical precipitation using alum and tertiary filtration. Currently alum is added to the aeration tanks; however, provisions exist to add alum to the influent to the secondary clarifiers. Figure 3.1 presents a process flow diagram of the treatment process at the Uxbridge Brook WPCP. Uxbridge Brook WPCP Process Flow Diagram Alum to Secondary Clarifiers (optional) Raw Wastewater Mechanically Cleaned Bar Screen Manually Cleaned Bar Screen Vortex Grit Removal RAS Alum to Aeration Aeration Tank #1 Aeration Tank #2 Alum to Aeration Alum to Secondary Clarifiers (optional) Secondary Clarifier #1 Secondary Clarifier #2 Secondary Clarifier #3 Tertiary Filtration UV Disinfection Effluent To Uxbridge Brook WAS 2-Stage Aerobic Digestion Biosolids to Regional Facility for disposal Figure 3.1 Uxbridge Brook WPCP Process Flow Diagram Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL 3-1

21 3.1.1 Performance Requirements The Uxbridge Brook WPCP operates under Amended CofA Number PJD. The effluent TP objectives and limits for the Uxbridge Brook WPCP are presented in Table Included in the table is the interim annual phosphorus loading limit as outlined in O. Reg. 60/08 and amended in O. Reg. 130/09. Table 3.1 Certificate of Approval and Interim Effluent Phosphorus Objectives and Limits for the Uxbridge Brook WPCP Parameter CofA Effluent Objective CofA Effluent Limit (1) Interim Annual Loading Limit (2) Effluent TP Concentration 0.1 mg/l 0.15 mg/l n/v Effluent TP Loading n/v 0.78 kg/d (3) (285 kg/yr) 142 kg/yr Notes: n/v no value 1. Limits based on monthly average concentrations. 2. Based on O. Reg. 60/08 and later amended by O. Reg. 130/ Limits based on monthly average loading Historical Performance The historic operating performance of the Uxbridge Brook WPCP with respect to phosphorus removal is presented in Table 3.2. Table 3.2 Historic Phosphorus Removal at the Uxbridge Brook WPCP Parameter Overall ADF (m 3 /d) 2,914 2,507 2,962 2,794 Raw Sewage TP Concentration (mg/l) Raw Sewage TP Loading (kg/d) Effluent TP Concentration (mg/l) Effluent TP Loading (kg/d) Annual Effluent TP Loading (kg/yr) Phosphorus Removal (kg/d) Total Phosphorus Removed (kg) 4,680 3,660 4,336 12,676 (1) Operating Costs (CAD) $120,131 $124,925 $122,452 $367,509 (1) Cost/kg TP Removed (CAD/kg TP) $25.67 $34.13 $28.24 $28.99 (2) Notes: 1. Three year total. 2. Based on three year total Operating Costs divided by three year Total Phosphorus Removed. Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL 3-2

22 The Uxbridge Brook WPCP has historically operated at approximately 64 percent of the CofA rated ADF capacity of 5,221 m 3 /d. The three year average effluent TP concentration from the plant is 0.10 mg/l, which meets the effluent objective of 0.1 mg/l. Over the period from 2006 to 2008, the monthly average effluent TP has exceeded the effluent TP objective on 14 occasions. The effluent TP concentrations did not exceed the compliance limit for TP over the reviewed period. Over the period from 2006 to 2008, the annual effluent TP loadings were below the interim limit of 142 kg/yr. From 2006 to 2008, approximately 12,676 kg of phosphorus were removed at a total cost of approximately $367,509. The effective unit removal cost for the Uxbridge Brook WPCP was $28.99 CAD/kg TP removed Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l The Uxbridge Brook WPCP is a secondary treatment facility with tertiary filtration. Past experience with secondary treatment facilities with tertiary filtration has indicated that effluent TP concentrations as low as 0.10 mg/l can be consistently achieved (Ross et al., 1991). Historically, the Uxbridge Brook WPCP has achieved an average effluent TP concentration of 0.10 mg/l. Therefore, it is anticipated that no further upgrades will be necessary to consistently achieve an effluent TP objective concentration of 0.10 mg/l. As the flows to the plant approach the design capacity, optimization of chemicals and chemical addition strategies such as dual point addition will likely be required in order to improve the performance of the phosphorus removal system at the Uxbridge Brook WPCP Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.05 mg/l Conceptual level upgrades to the Uxbridge Brook WPCP were developed for the replacement of the existing tertiary filtration with membrane ultrafiltration. Table 3.3 presents the incremental costs associated with upgrading the Uxbridge Brook WPCP to membrane ultrafiltration. Included in the table are annual O&M costs and a 25-year life cycle cost. Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL 3-3

23 Table 3.3 Parameter Incremental Costs to Upgrade to Membrane Ultrafiltration for the Uxbridge Brook WPCP Summary Capital Cost (CAD) $5,250,000 Annual O&M Costs (CAD) $270,000/yr 25-Year Life Cycle Cost (1) (CAD) $9,100,000 Additional TP Removed Annually (2) Total Additional TP Removed (25-yr Total) Cost/kg TP Removed (CAD) 95 kg/yr 2,382 kg $3,821/kg TP removed Notes: 1. Calculated based on an inflation rate of 2.5 % and an interested rate of 7.5%. 2. Additional mass of TP removed at its CofA rated capacity based on a projected effluent TP concentration of 0.10 mg/l for a secondary treatment plant with tertiary filters and 0.05 mg/l after the installation of membrane ultrafiltration. Upgrading the Uxbridge Brook WPCP to membrane ultrafiltration will cost an estimated $5.3M CAD with annual operating costs of approximately $270K CAD/yr. The 25-year life cycle cost is approximately $9.1M CAD. The addition of membrane ultrafiltration is projected to result in an annual reduction of approximately 95 kg TP/yr. Over 25 years, this results in a total reduction in effluent TP loading of 2,382 kg. Based on the 25-year life cycle cost, the cost per additional kg of TP removed is estimated to be $3,821 CAD/kg TP Summary of Conceptual Level Upgrade Costs Based on the current configuration of the Uxbridge Brook WPCP, no capital upgrades would be required in order to consistently achieve an effluent TP objective concentration of 0.10 mg/l. In order to consistently reduce effluent TP concentrations to 0.05 mg/l, membrane ultrafiltration would have to be installed. Figure 3.2 presents a side-by-side comparison of the historic cost per kg of TP removed and the cost per additional kg of TP removed as a result of the conceptual level upgrades to achieve effluent TP objective concentrations of approximately 0.05 mg/l. Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL 3-4

24 Figure 3.2 Unit Removal Costs for the Uxbridge Brook WPCP The estimated cost per kg of TP removed at the Uxbridge Brook WPCP as a result of the upgrade to membrane ultrafiltration is greater than 130 times the historic unit removal cost. 3.2 Beaver River #1 (Sunderland) WPCP The Beaver River #1 WPCP (Sunderland) is a seasonal wastewater stabilization lagoon system that services the Township of Brock/former Village of Sunderland and has a CofA rated ADF capacity of 632 m 3 /d. The plant is owned and operated by the Regional Municipality of Durham. Wastewater from the community of Sunderland is pumped through a 1,300 m long forcemain to the lagoon inlet chamber and directed to Cell #1. The influent distribution chamber has provisions for connection to a future third cell. Cell #1 is designed to provide 2-day retention time to promote the settling of solids. Wastewater is then conveyed to Cell #2 via a cross connection chamber. Cell #2 has a design retention time of 106 days, and is operated as an exfiltration lagoon with provisions for direct discharge to surface water when discharge requirements exceed the exfiltration rate. In this event, the Beaver River #1 WPCP operates as a seasonal discharge lagoon. Alum is added on a batch-wise basis to the wastewater within each lagoon to promote the chemical precipitation of phosphorus. To ensure a uniform concentration throughout the lagoon, alum is dosed using a modified watercraft. When discharge requirements exceed the exfiltration rate of Cell #2, effluent can be discharged via an outfall pipe to a ditch that discharges to the Beaver River and in turn to Lake Simcoe. Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL 3-5

25 Figure 3.3 presents a process flow diagram of the treatment process at the Beaver River #1 WPCP. Beaver River #1 WPCP Process Flow Diagram Raw Wastewater Manual Alum Dosing Influent Distribution Chamber Lagoon Cell #1 Normally closed Lagoon Cell #2 Seasonal/Emergency Discharge To Beaver River Manual Alum Dosing Figure 3.3 Beaver River #1 WPCP Process Flow Diagram Performance Requirements The Beaver River #1 WPCP operates under CofA Number EGMXA. The effluent TP objectives and limits for the Beaver River #1 WPCP are presented in Table 3.4. Included in the table is the interim annual phosphorus loading limit as outlined in O. Reg. 60/08 and amended in O. Reg. 130/09. Table 3.4 Certificate of Approval and Interim Effluent Phosphorus Objectives and Limits for the Beaver River #1 WPCP Parameter Effluent Limit Interim Annual Loading Limit (1) Effluent TP Concentration 0.3 mg/l n/v Effluent TP Loading n/v 66 kg/yr Notes: n/v no value 1. Based on O. Reg. 60/08 and later amended by O. Reg. 130/ Historical Performance The historic operating performance of the Beaver River #1 WPCP with respect to phosphorus removal is presented in Table 3.5. Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL 3-6

26 Table 3.5 Historic Phosphorus Removal at the Beaver River #1 WPCP Parameter 2006 (1) Overall ADF (2) (m 3 /d) Raw Sewage TP Concentration (mg/l) Raw Sewage TP Loading (kg/d) Effluent TP Concentration (mg/l) Effluent TP Loading (kg/d) Annual Effluent TP Loading (kg/yr) Phosphorus Removal (kg/d) Total Phosphorus Removed (kg) (3) Operating Costs (CAD) n/a $6,838 $8,107 $14,944 (3) Cost/kg TP Removed (CAD/kg TP) n/a $30.14 $13.68 $18.24 (4) Notes: n/a not available 1. Operating Costs were not available for ADF was based on total annual effluent discharged divided by the number of days in the year. 3. Two year total based on 2007 and 2008 data. 4. Based on two year total Operating Costs divided by two year Total Phosphorus Removed. The Beaver River #1 WPCP has historically operated at approximately 49 percent of the CofA rated ADF capacity of 632 m 3 /d. The three year average effluent TP concentration from the plant is 0.15 mg/l, which meets the effluent objective of 0.3 mg/l. Over the period from 2006 to 2008, the monthly average effluent TP did not exceed the effluent TP compliance limit. Over the period from 2006 to 2008, the annual effluent TP loadings were below the interim limit of 66 kg/yr. Operating costs were not available from As a result, the cost analysis was based on 2007 and 2008 data. From 2007 to 2008, approximately 820 kg of phosphorus were removed at a cost of $14,944. The effective unit removal cost for the Uxbridge Brook WPCP was $18.24 CAD/kg TP removed. It should be noted that sludge removal was not performed on the Beaver River #1 WPCP in 2007 or Therefore, the operating costs presented in Table 3.5 do not include dredging and sludge haulage costs. As a result, the cost per kg of TP removed may be underestimated as they do not include any costs related to sludge removal from the lagoons Upgrades to the Existing Facility to Achieve Effluent TP Objective Concentrations of 0.10 mg/l Conceptual level costs for upgrades to the Beaver River #1 WPCP were developed for the construction of a mechanical plant with tertiary filtration. Table 3.76 presents the incremental costs associated with upgrading the Beaver River #1 WPCP to Phosphorus Removal Review FINAL 3-7