Protocols for computer networking

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1 Protocols for computer networking Advanced networking - Routing and Switching 1 Chapter 3 Copyleft 2013 Hacklab Cosenza ( Released under Creative Commons License 3.0 By-Sa Cisco name, logo and materials are Copyright Cisco Systems Inc. 1

2 Rules for communication Like two people talking, computers must share informations about: An identified sender and receiver Common language and grammar Speed and timing of delivery Confirmation or acknowledgement requirements

3 What protocols do Message encoding and decoding Words to sounds bits to impulses Message formatting and encapsulation Like a letter with: sender, recipient, salutation, content, closing Message size Minimum and maximum Message timing Controls: access method, flow control, response timeout Message delivery options Acknowledgment, unicast, multicast, broadcast

4 Stacking protocols in layers 1. Content to be delivered Words, books, images, sequence on numbers 2. Rules for delivering Encoding, formatting, size 3. Medium for travel Air, light, horse

5 Protocol suites A protocol suite is a set of protocols that work together to provide comprehensive network communication services. A protocol suite may be specified by a standards organization or developed by a vendor. IP, HTTP, DHCP and many other protocols are all part of the Internet protocol suite known as Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Some protocols are proprietary, i.e. one company or vendor controls the definition of the protocol and how it functions. Some proprietary protocols can be used by different organizations with permission from the owner.

6 Industry standard: Ethernet Ethernet was a protocol originally developed by Bob Metcalfe at the XEROX Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in the 1970s. In 1979, Bob Metcalfe formed his own company, 3COM, and worked with Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Intel, and Xerox to promote the DIX standard for Ethernet. In 1985, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) published the IEEE standard that was almost identical to Ethernet. Today, is the common standard used on local-area networks (LANs).

7 Brief History of Internet Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) came to life in 1969 by connecting mainframe computers at four locations Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) was the contractor that did much of the initial development. In 1973, Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf began work on TCP to develop the next generation of the ARPANET. In 1978, TCP was divided into two protocols: TCP and IP. Later, other protocols were added to the TCP/IP suite of protocols including Telnet, FTP, DNS, and many others.

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9 Standards organizations Standards organizations are important in maintaining an open Internet with freely accessible specifications and protocols that can be implemented by any vendor. Standards organizations are usually vendor-neutral, non-profit organizations established to develop and promote the concept of open standards. They include: The Internet Society (ISOC) The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

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11 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Is a professional organization dedicated to advancing technological innovation and creating standards. As of 2012, IEEE consists of 38 societies, publishes 130 journals, and sponsors more than 1,300 conferences each year worldwide, has over 1,300 standards and projects currently under development. IEEE has more than 400,000 members in more than 160 countries. It creates and maintains standards affecting a wide range of industries including power and energy, healthcare, telecommunications, and networking. The IEEE and IEEE standards are significant IEEE standards in computer networking.

12 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ISO is the world s largest developer of international standards for a wide variety of products and services. ISO term is based on the Greek word isos, meaning equal. ISO published the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model in 1984 to develop a layered framework for networking protocols. The original objective of OSI was to serve as a foundation for a suite of protocols to be used for the Internet. But TCP/IP won ISO is also responsible for creating file system standards (like ISO 9660) and standards for routing protocols. Have you ever seen UNI/EN/ISO acronym?

13 Other Standards Organizations The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) is best known for its standards related to electrical wiring, connectors, and the 19-inch racks used to mount networking equipment. The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) is responsible for developing communication standards in a variety of areas including radio equipment, cellular towers, Voice over IP (VoIP) devices and more. The International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) defines standards for video compression, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), and broadband communications, such as a digital subscriber line (DSL).

14 Other Standards Organizations/2 The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) coordinates: IP address allocation, the management of domain names used by DNS the protocol identifiers or port numbers used by TCP and UDP protocols. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is a department of ICANN responsible for overseeing and managing IP address allocation, domain name management, and protocol identifiers for ICANN.

15 (Reference) Layered model

16 TCP/IP Encapsulation Data Application UDP header UDP data Transport IP header IP data Internet Frame header Frame data Frame footer Link

17 OSI Model Protocol Data unit Layer Function Host layers Data 7. Application Network process to application 6. Presentation Data representation, encryption and decryption, convert machine dependent data to machine independent data 5. Session Interhost communication, managing sessions between applications Segments 4. Transport Reliable delivery of packets between points on a network. Media layers Packet/ Datagram 3. Network Addressing, routing and (not necessarily reliable) delivery of datagrams between points on a network. Bit/Frame 2. Data link A reliable direct point-to-point data connection. Bit 1. Physical A (not necessarily reliable) direct point-to-point data connection.

18 Data Link Address The purpose of the data link address is to deliver the data link frame from one network interface to another network interface on the same network. The Frame in the protocol data unit (PDU) A frame contains two addresses: Source data link address - The physical address of the device that is sending the packet. Initially this is the NIC that is the source of the IP packet. Destination data link address - The physical address of the network interface of either the next hop router or the network interface of the destination device.

19 Network Address The network layer, or Layer 3, logical address contains information required to deliver the IP packet from the source device to the destination device. A Layer 3 IP address has two parts: the network prefix (used by routers to forward the packet to the proper network) the host part (used by the last router in the path to deliver the packet to the destination device) An IP packet contains two IP addresses: Source IP address - The IP address of the sending device. Destination IP address - The IP address of the receiving device.

20 Local Network From a computer point of view the world is divided in two parts: His own local network The rest of the world The local network is identified by the network portion of the IP address For example the addresses and are (often) in the same network, because (usually) identify the local network The Subnet Mask tells whitch part of the IP address identify the network

21 Data Link Addresses When the sender and receiver of the IP packet are on the same network, the data link frame is sent directly to the receiving device. On an Ethernet network, the data link addresses are known as Ethernet MAC addresses. MAC addresses are 48-bit addresses that are physically embedded on the Ethernet NIC. A MAC address is also known as the physical address or burned-in address (BIA). MACs are represented in 12 digits exadecimal format Example of MAC is: 49:5d:60:6d:53:b2

22 MAC to IP mapping To send data to another host on the same LAN the source host must know both the physical and logical addresses of the destination host. Once this is known, it can create a frame and send it out on the network media The sending host uses a protocol called Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) to discover the MAC address of any host on the same local network. The sending host sends an ARP Request message to the entire LAN in broadcast. Only the device with the IP address contained in the ARP Request responds with an ARP Reply.

23 Exploring the rest of the world When a host needs to send a message to a remote network, it must use the router, also known as the default gateway. The default gateway is the IP address of an interface on a router on the same network as the sending host. If no default gateway address is configured in the host TCP/IP settings messages addressed to hosts on remote networks cannot be delivered.

24 Addressing the outside When the destination IP address is in a different network the frame is sent to the default gateway The default gateway should know what to do. Addressing schema is: IP destination address is the one of the remote receiver machine MAC destination address is the one of the default gateway MAC address are always referred to the local network Default Gateway is a router, it routes the packet to destination or to another router, called next hop

25 End of lesson

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