Quantitative EEG Analysis Methods and Clinical Applications

Transcription

1 Quantitative EEG Analysis Methods and Clinical Applications Shanbao Tong Nitish V. Thakor Editors ARTECH HOUSE BOSTON LONDON artechhouse.com

2 Contents Foreword Preface xiii xv CHAPTER 1 Physiological Foundations of Quantitative EEG Analysis Introduction A Window on the Mind Cortical Anatomy and Physiology Overview Brain Sources Scalp Potentials Generated by the Mesosources The Average Reference The Surface Laplacian Dipole Layers: The Most Important Sources of EEGs Alpha Rhythm Sources Neural Networks, Cell Assemblies, and Field Theoretic Descriptions Phase Locking "Simple" Theories of Cortical Dynamics Summary: Brain Volume Conduction Versus Brain Dynamics 20 References 20 Selected Bibliography 22 CHAPTER 2 Techniques of EEG Recording and Preprocessing Properties of the EEG Event-Related Potentials Event-Related Oscillations Event-Related Brain Dynamics EEG Electrodes, Caps, and Amplifiers EEG Electrode Types Electrode Caps and Montages EEG Signal and Amplifier Characteristics EEG Recording and Artifact Removal Techniques EEG Recording Techniques EEG Artifacts Artifact Removal Techniques 36 v

3 VI Contents 2.4 Independent Components of Electroencephalographic Data Independent Component Analysis Applying ICA to EEG/ERP Signals Artifact Removal Based on ICA Decomposition of Event-Related EEG Dynamics Based on ICA 46 References 47 CHAPTER 3 Single-Channel EEG Analysis Linear Analysis of EEGs Classical Spectral Analysis of EEGs Parametric Model of the EEG Time Series Nonstationarity in EEG and Time-Frequency Analysis Nonlinear Description of EEGs Higher-Order Statistical Analysis of EEGs Nonlinear Dynamic Measures of EEGs Information Theory-Based Quantitative EEG Analysis Information Theory in Neural Signal Processing Estimating the Entropy of EEG Signals Time-Dependent Entropy Analysis of EEG Signals 94 References 102 CHAPTER 4 Bivariable Analysis of EEG Signals Cross-Correlation Function Coherence Estimation Mutual Information Analysis Phase Synchronization Conclusion 119 References 119 CHAPTER 5 Theory of the EEG Inverse Problem Introduction EEG Generation The Electrophysiological and Neuroanatomical Basis of the EEG The Equivalent Current Dipole Localization of the Electrically Active Neurons as a Small Number of "Hot Spots" Single-Dipole Fitting Multiple-Dipole Fitting Discrete, Three-Dimensional Distributed Tomographic Methods The Reference Electrode Problem The Minimum Norm Inverse Solution Low-Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography Dynamic Statistical Parametric Maps 132

4 VII Standardized Low-Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography Exact Low-Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography Other Formulations and Methods Selecting the Inverse Solution 136 References 137 CHAPTER 6 Epilepsy Detection and Monitoring Epilepsy: Seizures, Causes, Classification, and Treatment Epilepsy as a Dynamic Disease Seizure Detection and Prediction Univariate Time-Series Analysis Short-Term Fourier Transform Discrete Wavelet Transforms Statistical Moments Recurrence Time Statistics Lyapunov Exponent Multivariate Measures Simple Synchronization Measure Lag Synchronization Principal Component Analysis Correlation Structure Multidimensional Probability Evolution Self-Organizing Map Support Vector Machine Phase Correlation Seizure Detection and Prediction Performance of Seizure Detection/Prediction Schemes Optimality Index Specificity Rate Closed-Loop Seizure Prevention Systems Conclusion 163 References 165 CHAPTER 7 Monitoring Neurological Injury by qeeg Introduction: Global Ischemic Brain Injury After Cardiac Arrest Hypothermia Therapy and the Effects on Outcome After Cardiac Arrest Brain Injury Monitoring Using EEG Entropy and Information Measures of EEG Information Quantity Subband Information Quantity Experimental Methods Experimental Model of CA, Resuscitation, and Neurological Evaluation 178

5 VIII Contents Therapeutic Hypothermia Experimental Results qeeg-iq Analysis of Brain Recovery After Temperature Manipulation qeeg-iq Analysis of Brain Recovery After Immediate Versus Conventional Hypothermia qeeg Markers Predict Survival and Functional Outcome Discussion of the Results 187 References 188 CHAPTER 8 Quantitative EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interface Introduction to the qeeg-based Brain-Computer Interface Quantitative EEG as a Noninvasive Link Between Brain and Computer Components of a qeeg-based BCI System Oscillatory EEG as a Robust BCI Signal SSVEP-Based BCI Physiological Background and BCI Paradigm A Practical BCI System Based on SSVEP Alternative Approaches and Related Issues Sensorimotor Rhythm-Based BCI Physiological Background and BCI Paradigm Spatial Filter for SMR Feature Enhancing Online Three-Class SMR-Based BCI Alternative Approaches and Related Issues Concluding Remarks BCI as a Modulation and Demodulation System System Design for Practical Applications 219 Acknowledgments 220 References 220 CHAPTER 9 EEG Signal Analysis in Anesthesia Rationale for Monitoring EEG in the Operating Room Nature of the OR Environment Data Acquisition and Preprocessing for the OR Amplifiers Signal Processing Time-Domain EEG Algorithms Clinical Applications of Time-Domain Methods Entropy Frequency-Domain EEG Algorithms Fast Fourier Transform Mixed Algorithms: Bispectrum Bispectral Index: Implementation Bispectral Index: Clinical Results 250

6 Contents IX 9.6 Conclusions 251 References 251 CHAPTER 10 Quantitative Sleep Monitoring Overview of Sleep Stages and Cycles Sleep Architecture Definitions Differential Amplifiers, Digital Polysomnography, Sensitivity, and Filters Introduction to EEG Terminology and Monitoring EEG Monitoring Techniques Eye Movement Recording Electromyographic Recording Sleep Stage Characteristics Atypical Sleep Patterns Sleep Staging in Infants and Children Respiratory Monitoring Adult Respiratory Definitions Pediatric Respiratory Definitions Leg Movement Monitoring Polysomnography, Biocalibrations, and Technical Issues Quantitative Polysomnography EEG EOG EMG Advanced EEG Monitoring Wavelet Analysis Matching Pursuit Statistics of Sleep State Detection Schemes M Binary Classification Problems Contingency Table Positive Airway Pressure Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea APAP with Forced Oscillations Measurements for FOT 285 References 286 CHAPTER 11 EEG Signals in Psychiatry: Biomarkers for Depression Management EEG in Psychiatry Application of EEGs in Psychiatry: From Hans Berger to qeeg Challenges to Acceptance: What Do the Signals Mean? Interpretive Frameworks to Relate qeeg to Other Neurobiological Measures qeeg Measures as Clinical Biomarkers in Psychiatry Biomarkers in Clinical Medicine 293

7 Contents Potential for the Use of Biomarkers in the Clinical Care of Psychiatric Patients Pitfalls Pragmatic Evaluation of Candidate Biomarkers Research Applications of EEG to Examine Pathophysiology in Depression Resting State or Task-Related Differences Between Depressed and Healthy Subjects Toward Physiological Endophenotypes Conclusions 307 Acknowledgments 308 References 308 CHAPTER 12 Combining EEG and MRI Techniques EEG and MRI Coregistration Volume Conductor Models Source Space Source Localization Techniques Communication and Visualization of Results Simultaneous EEG and fmri Introduction Technical Challenges Using fmri to Study EEG Phenomena EEG in Generation of Better Functional MR Images The Inverse EEG Problem: fmri Constrained EEG Source Localization Ongoing and Future Directions 349 Acknowledgments 350 References 350 vllnl I L f\ I J Cortical Functional Mapping by High-Resolution EEG HREEG: An Overview The Solution of the Linear Inverse Problem: The Head Models and the Cortical Source Estimation Frequency-Domain Analysis: Cortical Power Spectra Computation Statistical Analysis: A Method to Assess Differences Between Brain Activities During Different Experimental Tasks Group Analysis: The Extraction of Common Features Within the Population Conclusions 366 References 366

8 CHAPTER 14 Cortical Function Mapping with Intracranial EEG Strengths and Limitations of ieeg Intracranial EEG Recording Methods Localizing Cortical Function Analysis of Phase-Locked ieeg Responses Application of Phase-Locked ieeg Responses to Cortical Function Mapping Analysis of Nonphase-Locked Responses in ieeg Application of Nonphase-Locked Responses to Cortical Function Mapping Cortical Network Dynamics Analysis of Causality in Cortical Networks Application of ERC to Cortical Function Mapping Future Applications of ieeg 391 Acknowledgments 391 References 392 About the Editors 401 List of Contributors 403 Index 409