Finding the Epicenter
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1 Finding the Epicenter Lesson Concept Link The epicenter of earthquakes can be determined by triangulation using the difference in arrival times of P and S waves. Lesson 6.7 demonstrated how P and S waves travel through different materials. This difference in rates of travel are used in Lesson 6.8 to find the epicenter of an earthquake. This epicenter data is used to measure damage in Lesson 6.9 Wattsville. Time 60 minutes Materials Advance Preparation Procedure: Engage Individual H1a-c Finding the Epicenter Compass Ruler Red colored pencil Work through the activity to become familiar in using the compass, finding the data on the graph and determining the epicenter using this data. (10 minutes) Primary (P) and secondary (S) waves travel through Earth s layers in different ways. 1. Ask students, in groups of 8, to select either P or S wave motion to demonstrate for the class. Debrief by asking the class to identify the type of waves demonstrated by each group. Explore (20 minutes) The epicenter of earthquakes can be determined by triangulation using the difference in arrival times of P and S waves. 2. Distribute H1a-c (Finding the Epicenter) and ask partners to discuss how the data table on H1b might be used to find the epicenter. Share out some ideas. 3. Expand the student ideas for how to use the Earthquake Data Table by leading a discussion about how the data table can be used to determine epicenters. 4. Ask students to look at the second data table showing the distance vs. arrival times of P and S waves. Ask students to find the difference in P and S wave arrival times for Denver? How could this data help us find the epicenter? 6.8 Finding the Epicenter: Earthquakes and Volcanoes 1
2 5. Ask students to locate the difference in arrival times for Denver on the y-axis of the graph on H1c. Using the difference in arrival time (2 minutes, 40 seconds), follow this line across to the point at which it crosses the curve. 6. Explain to students how to find the distance to the epicenter by reading down from this point on the curved line to the x-axis of the graph (1600km). 7. Following these steps, ask students to record the distance to epicenter in the data table for Denver, Houston and Chicago. 8. Using the scale above the USA map on page 3, ask students to set their compass at the radius equal to the distance from Denver to the earthquake s epicenter (1600km). 9. Ask students to draw a circle with that radius, using Denver as the center on the USA map. 10. Ask the students to repeat the steps for drawing the circles using the distance data from the table for Houston. 11. Ask students to look at the overlapping circles and determine possible epicenter locations and discuss with their partner. 12. Ask the students to repeat the steps for drawing the circles using the distance data from the table for Chicago. 13. Ask students to notice where the three circles intersect and circle this epicenter in red. Explain (20 minutes) Earthquakes result in 3 types of seismic waves, which travel through the earth in different ways. 14. In partners, ask students to complete the Analyze section of the Activity Sheet on page Debrief the analyze section by leading a class discussion focused on How you know. Extend (10 minutes) Primary and secondary waves travel through Earth s layers in different ways. 16. Ask students to individually complete the Conclude section of the Activity Sheet bringing prior knowledge to determine earthquake risk in their own hometown. Teacher Note: Locate the appropriate pages in individual text books. Evaluate (10 minutes) Primary and secondary waves travel through Earth s layers in different ways. 17. Ask students to answer the prompt: What is the value of using three locations rather than two locations when finding the epicenter of an earthquake? How do you know? 6.8 Finding the Epicenter: Earthquakes and Volcanoes 2
3 H1a 18. Have students write a short summary describing the importance of using 3 recording stations locations versus only 2 to 6.8 Finding the Epicenter: Earthquakes and Volcanoes S c ienc e M a t t ers 3
4 H1b 6.8 Finding the Epicenter: Earthquakes and Volcanoes S c ienc e M a t t ers 4
5 6.8 Finding the Epicenter: Earthquakes and Volcanoes 5 H1c
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