1619 Slavery begins Massachusetts outlaws slavery within its borders Nat Turner leads a slave rebellion in Virginia. Fifty-seven whites

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1 1619 Slavery begins Massachusetts outlaws slavery within its borders Nat Turner leads a slave rebellion in Virginia. Fifty-seven whites are killed; U.S. troops kill 100 slaves. Turner is caught, tried, and hanged Oberlin College, the first U.S. college to adopt co-education, is also the first to refuse to ban black students. Mary Jane Patterson is the first African American woman to receive a bachelor's degree from Oberlin College (1862) The Compromise of 1850 admits California into the union without slavery, strengthens Fugitive Slave Laws, and ends slave trade in Washington, D.C The Dred Scott Supreme Court decision rules that slaves do not become free when taken into a free state, that Congress cannot bar slavery from a territory, and that blacks cannot become citizens The Confederate States of America forms; the Civil War begins President Lincoln issues the official Emancipation Proclamation freeing "all slaves in areas still in rebellion." 1865 The Civil War ends. The 13th Amendment, abolishing slavery, is added to the Constitution. In November, Mississippi becomes the first of the former Confederate states to enact a Black Code, which severely limits the rights and liberties of blacks in areas such as jobs, voting, and holding public office. Over the next few months, other Southern states pass similar legislation The Ku Klux Klan forms in secrecy; disbands ; has a resurgence in The 14th Amendment to the Constitution is ratified on July 28, The amendment grants citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" which includes former slaves who have just been freed after the Civil War. It also provides for due process and equal protection under the law The 15 th Amendment to the Constitution is ratified. This amendment grants the right to vote to all African American males of voting age Congress passes the 1875 Civil Rights Act. In 1883, the Supreme Court invalidates the1875 Civil Rights Act, saying that the federal government cannot bar discrimination by corporations or individuals Supreme Court approves the "separate but equal" segregation doctrine in the Plessy v. Ferguson court case President Truman issues an executive order outlawing segregation in the U.S. military The U.S. Supreme Court declares school segregation unconstitutional in the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling On December 1, Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery, AL, city bus and sparks a 381-day boycott of buses by blacks in the city Arkansas Gov. Orval Rubus uses the National Guard to block nine black students from attending Little Rock Central High School; following a court order, President Eisenhower sends in federal troops to ensure compliance Four black college students begin sit-ins at lunch counter of a Greensboro, North Carolina, restaurant where black patrons are not served Freedom Rides begin from Washington, D.C., into Southern states President Kennedy sends federal troops to the University of Mississippi to quell riots so that James Meredith, the school s first black student, can attend. The Supreme Court rules that segregation is unconstitutional in all transportation facilities Civil rights leader Medgar Evers is killed by a sniper s bullet. Byron De La Beckwith is later convicted and given a life sentence.

2 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers I Have a Dream speech to hundreds of thousands at the March on Washington. A church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, leaves four young black girls dead After a 75-day long filibuster, Congress passes the Civil Rights Act declaring discrimination based on race illegal. Three civil rights workers disappear in Mississippi after being stopped for speeding; they are found buried six weeks later March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, to demand protection for voting rights. (Two civil rights workers were slain earlier in the year in Selma.) Malcolm X is assassinated. Riots break out in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, lasting for six days. New voting rights act signed to enforce the provisions of the 15 th Amendment Edward Brooke, R-Massachusetts, elected first black U.S. senator in 85 years Riots break out in Detroit, Michigan, and Newark, New Jersey. Thurgood Marshall is the first black to be named to the Supreme Court Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee; James Earl Ray is later convicted and sentenced to 99 years in prison. Poor People s March on Washington planned by King before his death goes on The Martin Luther King Jr. federal holiday is established Army Gen. Colin Powell becomes the first black to serve as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. L. Douglas Wilder (Virginia) becomes the first black elected governor in the U.S On March 3, Los Angeles police use force to arrest Rodney King after a San Fernando Valley traffic stop. The beating of King is captured on videotape and broadcast widely prompting an investigation and subsequent trial of three officers. On April 29, 1992, a jury acquits the three officers accused of beating Rodney King. The verdict triggers a three day uprising in Los Angeles that results in over 50 people killed, over 2,000 injured and 8,000 arrested On September 12, Dr. Mae Carol Jemison becomes the first African American woman in space when she travels on board the space shuttle Endeavor On October 7, Toni Morrison becomes the first black American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature for her novel Beloved On April 13, golfer Tiger Woods wins the Master s Tournament in Augusta, Georgia. At 21 he is the youngest golfer and the first African American ever to win the title In January President-elect George Bush nominates Colin Powell to be Secretary of State. Condoleezza Rice takes the position of National Security Advisor for the Bush administration. This is the first time either of these posts is held by an African American Barack Obama becomes first African American president of the U.S. He wins the election in a landslide victory.

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5 Slavery begins. Massachusetts outlaws slavery within its borders. The Dred Scott Supreme Court decision rules that slaves do not become free when taken into a free state, that Congress cannot bar slavery from a territory, and that blacks cannot become citizens. The Confederate States of America forms; the Civil War begins. In November, Mississippi becomes the first of the former Confederate states to enact a Black Code, which severely limits the rights and liberties of blacks in areas such as jobs, voting, and holding public office. Over the next few months, other Southern states pass similar legislation. The Ku Klux Klan forms in secrecy; disbands ; has a resurgence in Nat Turner leads a slave rebellion in Virginia. Fifty-seven whites are killed; U.S. troops kill 100 slaves. Turner is caught, tried, and hanged. Oberlin College, the first U.S. college to adopt co-education, is also the first to refuse to ban black students. Mary Jane Patterson is the first African American woman to receive a bachelor's degree from Oberlin College (1862). President Lincoln issues the official Emancipation Proclamation freeing "all slaves in areas still in rebellion." The Civil War ends. The 14th Amendment to the Constitution is ratified on July 28, 1868.The amendment grants citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" which includes former slaves who have just been freed after the Civil War. It also provides for due process and equal protection under the law. The 15 th Amendment to the Constitution is ratified. This amendment grants the right to vote to all African American males of voting age. The Compromise of 1850 admits California into the union without slavery, strengthens Fugitive Slave Laws, and ends slave trade in Washington, D.C. The 13th Amendment, abolishing slavery, is added to the Constitution. Congress passes the 1875 Civil Rights Act. In 1883, the Supreme Court invalidates the1875 Civil Rights Act, saying that the federal government cannot bar discrimination by corporations or individuals.

6 Supreme Court approves the "separate but equal" segregation doctrine in the Plessy v. Ferguson court case. Four black college students begin sit-ins at a lunch counter of a Greensboro, North Carolina, restaurant where black patrons are not served. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers "I Have a Dream" speech to hundreds of thousands at the March on Washington. President Truman issues an executive order outlawing segregation in the U.S. military. Freedom Rides begin from Washington, D.C., into Southern states. A church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, leaves four young black girls dead. The U.S. Supreme Court declares school segregation unconstitutional in the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling. President Kennedy sends federal troops to the University of Mississippi to quell riots so that James Meredith, the school's first black student, can attend. After a 75-day long filibuster, Congress passes the Civil Rights Act declaring discrimination based on race illegal. On December 1, Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery, AL, city bus and sparks a 381-day boycott of buses by blacks in the city. The Supreme Court rules that segregation is unconstitutional in all transportation facilities. Three civil rights workers disappear in Mississippi after being stopped for speeding; they are found buried six weeks later. Arkansas Gov. Orval Rubus uses the National Guard to block nine black students from attending Little Rock Central High School; following a court order, President Eisenhower sends in federal troops to ensure compliance. Civil rights leader Medgar Evers is killed by a sniper's bullet. Byron De La Beckwith is later convicted and given a life sentence. March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, to demand protection for voting rights. (Two civil rights workers were slain earlier in the year in Selma.)

7 Malcolm X is assassinated. Thurgood Marshall is the first black to be named to the Supreme Court. L. Douglas Wilder (Virginia) becomes the first black elected governor in the U.S. Riots break out in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, lasting for six days. New voting rights act is signed to enforce the provisions of the 15 th Amendment. Edward Brooke, R-Massachusetts, is elected the first black U.S. senator in 85 years. Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee; James Earl Ray is later convicted and sentenced to 99 years in prison. Poor People's March on Washington planned by King before his death goes on. The Martin Luther King, Jr. federal holiday is established. On March 3, Los Angeles police use force to arrest Rodney King after a San Fernando Valley traffic stop. The beating of King is captured on videotape and broadcast widely prompting an investigation and subsequent trial of three officers. On April 29, 1992, a jury acquits the three officers accused of beating Rodney King. The verdict triggers a three day uprising in Los Angeles that results in over 50 people killed, over 2,000 injured and 8,000 arrested. On September 12, Dr. Mae Carol Jemison becomes the first African American woman in space when she travels on board the space shuttle Endeavor. On April 13, golfer Tiger Woods wins the Master s Tournament in Augusta, Georgia. At 21, he is the youngest golfer and the first African American ever to win the title. Riots break out in Detroit, Michigan, and Newark, New Jersey. Army Gen. Colin Powell becomes the first black to serve as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. On October 7, Toni Morrison becomes the first black American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature for her novel Beloved.

8 In January President-elect George Bush nominates Colin Powell to be Secretary of State. Condoleezza Rice takes the position of National Security Advisor for the Bush administration. This is the first time either of these posts is held by an African American. Barack Obama becomes first African American president of the U.S. He wins the election in a landslide victory. Civil Rights Timeline