SSUSH4. The American Revolution (Ideological, military, and Diplomatic Aspects)

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2 SSUSH4 The American Revolution (Ideological, military, and Diplomatic Aspects)

3 SSUSH4 The student will identify the ideological, military, and diplomatic aspects of the American Revolution. a. Explain the language, organization, and intellectual sources of the Declaration of Independence; include the writing of John Locke and the role of Thomas Jefferson. b. Explain the reason for and significance of the French alliance and foreign assistance and the roles of Benjamin Franklin and the Marquis de Lafayette. c. Analyze George Washington as a military leader; include the creation of a professional military and the life of a common soldier, and describe the significance of the crossing of the Delaware River and Valley Forge.

4 Quick Review of Events French and Indian War Britain needs to pay for the war how? Taxes Sugar Act Stamp Act Colonial Boycott Townshend Acts Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party British Intolerable Acts (placed on Boston)

5 King George III King of England throughout the Revolutionary war.

6 Colonists reaction to Intolerable Acts Other colonies felt hostility toward Britain for what they were doing to Massachusetts The colonies started to unite in a single cause.

7 First Continental Congress In1774, twelve representatives from every colony, except Georgia assembled in Philadelphia to discuss their grievances and consider their options.

8 First Continental Congress Colonists were either calling for independence from Britain or wanting to remain part of the British Empire. They created a declaration of resolves which maintained: The colonists had rights as British subjects The colonists had the right to have legislation in the colonies Threatened to ban all trade with Britain Pledged to meet again if their demands were not met

9 Lexington and Concord British General Gage was ordered to stop this colonial rebellion by King George III Gage went to seize rebel military supplies stored in Concord Massachusetts Patriots-colonists who supported independence-reported of the movement of British troops Minute men- members of the colonial militia who promised to be ready at a minute s notice- waited for the British in Lexington.

10 The shot heard around the world When the British arrived at Lexington, shots were fired. The action became known as the Shot heard around the world because it was the beginning of the revolutionary war.

11 The Second Continental In 1775, the continental congress met again in Philadelphia The congress agreed to form a Continental Army led by the unanimous choice of George Washington Congress

12 Battle of Bunker Hill Patriots circled Boston upon two hills that surround the city. Breed s Hill Bunker Hill British troops commanded by William Howe advanced in three assaults

13 Battle of Bunker Hill The British took both hills, but not without some terrible loses. The American commander had ordered his troops not to fire until you see the whites of their eyes

14 Olive Branch Petition The colonials persuaded the Continental Congress to send a final plea to King George III. This petition of peace stated the colonists still wanted to be peaceful and loyal King George III rejected this petition

15 Washington Acts George Washington and his continental army surround the city of Boston to drive out the British troops General Howe and the British troops move to Nova Scotia

16 Independence Declared Two reasons many colonists favored independence They believed that the British government had violated their rights as British subjects Some colonists had already died defending these rights

17 Gentlemen may cry peace, peacebut there is no peace. The war is actually begun! Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God!- I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death Patrick Henry

18 Thomas Paine- Common Sense A pamphlet that stirred up public support for the Revolution was written by Thomas Paine This pamphlet argued that government was a necessary evil at best, at worst it was an intolerable one.

19 Declaration of Independence a. Explain the language, organization, and intellectual sources of the Declaration of Independence; include the writing of John Locke and the role of Thomas Jefferson.

20 Events Leading to the Declaration 1 st Continental Congress September October men 12 of 13 colonies None from GA Sent petition to king with a declaration of rights and complaints of mistreatment

21 Events Leading to the Declaration Lexington and Concord April 19, 1775 British marched to towns to confiscate gunpowder and weapons Skirmish between Minutemen and British soldiers British lost 250 men, Minutemen lost >100 DID YOU KNOW: These militia men were called Minutemen because they were ready to fight at a minute s notice.

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23 The Shot Heard Round the World

24 Events Leading to the Declaration 2 nd Continental Congress May March 1781 Delegates from all colonies Olive Branch Petition July 1775 Attempt at reconciliation w/ King Acted as de facto national government

25 Drafting the Declaration of Independence June 11 th,1776 Committee of Five Appointed to draft a declaration Thomas Jefferson (VA) Committee of Five John Adams (MA) Benjamin Franklin (PA) Roger Sherman (CT) Most written by Thomas Jefferson Robert Livingston (NY)

26 Drafting the Declaration of Independence June 28 th - Presented to Congress July 2 nd Vote for independence 12 for, 1 abstained July 4 th Final changes to document

27 Declaration of Independence Language: A separate nation Pronoun Use He & Them, Us & Our, We & They 1 Victims of oppression Good vs. Evil "the good People of these Colonies" 1 Literary Merit perfect synthesis of style, form, and content 2 1 From Declaration of Independence, 2 From Stephen E. Lucas, The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence

28 Declaration of Independence Organization: Statement of Basic Beliefs We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. List of Grievances w/ King For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury: Statement Declaring Independence these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States

29 Declaration of Independence Intellectual Sources: DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE Rousseau Social Contract (1762) English Bill of Rights (1689) Thomas Hobbes Leviathan (1651) John Locke 2 nd Treatise of Government (1689) Magna Carta (1215) Montesquieu Spirit of Laws (1748) Petition of Right (1628)

30 Thomas Jefferson ( ) Writer of the Declaration of Independence From Virginia Elected 3 rd Pres. Served

31 John Locke ( ) 2 nd Treatise of Government (1688) (Written to justify the Glorious Revolution) State of nature requires a government Natural rights God made man. Man is property of God; therefore, no man can take away the rights of another, because those rights were given by God. Protection of life, liberty, property

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33 The Course of the War (Special Focus on G. Washington) c. Analyze George Washington as a military leader; include the creation of a professional military and the life of a common soldier, and describe the significance of the crossing of the Delaware River and Valley Forge.

34 Course of the War Northern Campaign ( ) British Goal: Separate New England from other colonies Major Battles: Lexington, Concord, Bunker Hill, New York City, Trenton, Valley Forge, Saratoga Southern Campaign ( ) British Goal: Separate Southern colonies from the north Major Battles: Savannah, Charleston, Camden, Cowpens, Yorktown

35 Northern Campaign ( ) Lexington & Concord: (April 19, 1775) See Previous Section Bunker Hill: (June 16, 1775) Boston British attempted to take hills surrounding city Colonists fortified a hill, British attacked Casualties: don t fire until you see the whites of their eyes British 226 Killed 828 Wounded Colonial 115 Killed 305 Wounded

36 Washington as Military Leader Member of 2 nd Continental Congress Washington dressed in his uniform to attend meetings Nominated by John Adams as Cmdr. in Chief Took command of troops outside of Boston in July, 1775 "this modern Fabius" In uniform, from the French and Indian War Monthly Review a Whig paper in Britain

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38 George Washington ( ) Tobacco planter from Virginia Served in VA Militia during the French and Indian War Selected by 2 nd Continental Congress as Commander in Chief of Continental Army Why?

39 Colonial Troops Site of the Battle of Bunker Hill BOSTON

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41 Northern Campaign ( ) New York City: (August 27, 1776) Major Center of Trade Long Island lost August Colonial troops retreated to Brooklyn Colonial troops evacuated to Manhattan Silently, in the middle of the night August 19 Casualties: British 64 Killed 293 Wounded Colonial 300 Killed 800 Wounded

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43 Long Island

44 After New York: Northern Campaign ( ) Washington retreats First north Then south into New Jersey/Pennsylvania

45 Northern Campaign ( ) Trenton: (December 26 th, 1776) Sneak attack against Hessian troops See next slide Over 1,000 captured by the Continental Army After battle, Washington outmaneuvers the British and winters in Morristown, NJ

46 Hessian Hessians were German mercenaries (hired soldiers) that were hired by Britain to help fight the Revolution against the colonies. These men were feared because of their ability To kill.

47 Hessians

48 Crossing the Delaware Midnight crossing on Christmas Day, 1776 Dangerous Why?

49 Questions to Ponder 1. Describe the scene illustrated by the artist. What are the conditions? 2. Who are the people? 3. How do the people shown react to those conditions? 4. Why is Washington placed in the center of the painting? What does his appearance tell you? 5. What is the artist trying to say about Washington based on how he is depicted? 6. What questions do you have about this painting?

50 Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze, American, George Washington Crossing the Delaware, 1851 Oil on Canvas; 12 2/5 x 21 1/4 in. (378.5 x cm)

51 Washington New York Howe City Trenton, NJ

52 The British Three Pronged Plan for New York

53 Saratoga Northern Campaign ( ) British invade from Canada Led by Gen. Burgoyne 1 st Battle of Saratoga: Advance stopped 2 nd Battle of Saratoga: British lose, forced to retreat

54 Long Supply Line

55 Help From the French b. Explain the reason for and significance of the French alliance and foreign assistance and the roles of Benjamin Franklin and the Marquis de Lafayette.

56 Marquis de Lafayette ( ) Young French Officer Idealistic Volunteered to serve with the Americans Also gave money/arms to the cause DID YOU KNOW: This man s full name was Marie Jean Paul Joseph Roche Yves Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette.

57 Alliance with France (1778) Reasons for: Americans needed support from other nations France hated England Many of the French sympathized with the Americans Enlightenment ideals of the Declaration Volunteers like Lafayette

58 Benjamin Franklin Ambassador to France Sent in 1776 Goal: Negotiate treaty with France I represent France, but was not built until Franklin was adored in Paris. He was considered one of the most intelligent and able men of the day.

59 Alliance with France (1778) Significance of: Gave America political and logistical support

60 Philadelphia Northern Campaign British march around Washington and take Philadelphia ( ) Battle of Brandywine (Sept. 11, 1777) Colonial Army defeated Washington moves troops north to Valley Forge, PA to spend the winter

61 Valley Forge Winter Headquarters of the Continental Army in 1777 In Pennsylvania

62 Valley Forge 1 out of 4 men died ~2,500 out of 10,000 Disease/Exposure Training by Baron von Steuben Prussian Provided order & structure

63 Life of a Common Soldier Disease was common Of 25,000 casualties, 17,000 died from disease 8,000-12,000 died in prison ships Food was poor Pay was rarely on time

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65 Washington Howe Philadelphia French Fleet

66 Ending the War d. Explain the role of geography at the Battle of Yorktown, the role of Lord Cornwallis, and the Treaty of Paris, 1783.

67 Southern Campaign ( ) British move south to try to end Revolution Decentralization = Advantage, America Savannah, GA Captured December 29, 1778 Charleston, SC Captured May 12, 1780

68 Lord Cornwallis ( ) Commander of British troops in the South Known for: Brutality Efficiency DID YOU KNOW: His full name was Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis

69 August 16, 1780 October 7, 1780 January 17, 1781 Charleston Cornwallis March 15, 1781 Then: 1. British invade VA 2. Greene back to SC Savannah

70 The War in the South Nathaniel Greene commanded colonial troops in the South He was a master of Guerilla warfare- wearing down the enemy in hit and run battles

71 Francis Marion Colonial General who was knick named the Swamp Fox because of this elusive tactics He led his outfit to disrupt British communications Discouraged Southern loyalists from fighting for Britain

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73 Southern Campaign ( ) Cornwallis moved to Yorktown and built a fort to shelter British ships

74 Battle of the Chesapeake (September 5 th, 1781) Also known as the Battle of the Capes Naval battle between the British and French Results: Draw British unable to resupply Cornwallis at Yorktown

75 Depiction of the Second Battle of the Virginia Capes V. Zveg, 1962

76 Yorktown Role of Geography: Peninsula Cornwallis could be surrounded On Chesapeake Bay Naval ships could attack the British

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79 Siège de Yorktown by Auguste Couder, c.1836 Courtesy of

80 Yorktown General Cornwallis surrendered on October 19,1781

81 Surrender of Lord Cornwallis John Trumbull Oil on canvas, 1820 Courtesy of

82 reaty of Paris (1783) Negotiated after surrender at Yorktown Ends American Revolution America is free Some territory changes hands America given the land from the Atlantic coast westward to the Mississippi River and from the Great Lakes south to Florida. DID YOU KNOW: John Adams, John Jay and Benjamin Franklin signed the treaty for the Americans.

83 Treaty of Paris 1783 Gave the United States independence and the land from the Atlantic coast westward to the Mississippi River and from the Great Lakes south to Florida.