REVIEW: Periodic Table of Elements
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1 Today s focus. Review
2 REVIEW: Periodic Table of Elements
3
4 Periodic Table of Elements For this course, we will mainly focus on the A elements, and we will study some B elements. A Elements are called REPRESENTATIVE elements. B elements are called TRANSITION elements.
5 REVIEW: Periodic Table of Elements All the elements on the Periodic Table of Elements are NEUTRAL. The Hydrogen atom H 1 Symbol for Hydrogen Atomic Number Atomic Number = # of protons Elements are atoms. Atoms are made up of: Proton has +1 charge. Neutron has no charge. Hydrogen has 1 proton! Since a H atom is NEUTRAL, it must have 1 electron. Electron has 1 charge. Question: How many protons and electrons does carbon have? Answer: 6 protons and 6 electrons All the elements on the Periodic Table of Elements can become charged. When they are charged, they are called ions.
6 REVIEW: Ions When an atom loses electron(s), they form positive ions. Positive ions are called ATIONS. When an atom gains electron(s), they form negative ions. Negative ions are called ANIONS. Example: H is a Hydrogen atom (neutral). H + is a Hydrogen ion (+1 charge). Example: O is an Oxygen atom (neutral). O 2 is an Oxygen ion ( 2 charge). Valence Electrons & Octet Rule.
7 REVIEW: Valence Electrons, Ions, Group Names # of valence electrons harge of Ions formed / Group Names to remember: Group I A elements: Alkali metals Group II A elements: Alkaline earth metals Group VI A: halcogens Group VII A: Halogens Group VIII A: Noble Gases
8 REVIEW: Valence Electrons & Octet Rule Valence electrons are electrons that are in the outer shells of the atom. They are associated with an atom that can participate in the formation of a chemical lbond. # of protons = # of electrons = 6 protons 6 electrons This is the unique identifier of the element. The protons are in the nucleus of the atom. 6 Atomic Number Atomic Number = # of protons Mass (amu) proton These are the valence electrons. neutron For carbon, there are FOUR. electron
9 Mass Number Valence electrons are electrons that are in the outer shells of the atom. They are associated with an atom that can participate in the formation of a chemical lbond. arbon: # of protons = # of electrons = 6 protons 6 electrons Mass Number = 12 # of neutrons = 12 6 = 6 harge of carbon atom = Atomic Mass Atomic Number This is the unique identifier of the element. Atomic Number = # of protons Atomic Mass rounded to the nearest integer = MASS NUMBER # of protons + # of neutrons = MASS NUMBER
10 Isotopes Variations of an element; they are neutral They have the same number of protons and electrons Different number of neutrons, therefore, different mass Mass numbers Example: arbon has three isotopes 12, 13, 14 # of protons # of neutrons # of electrons Mass number harge arbon 12 arbon 13 arbon
11 Atomic Mass of arbon an we calculate the atomic mass of carbon from summing up the mass of its protons, neutrons and electrons? Mass (amu) proton neutron electron x (mass of proton) + 6 x (mass of neutrons) + 6 x (mass of electrons)? = atomic mass of arbon 6 x ( ) + 6 x ( ) + 6 x ( ) = atomic mass of arbon = atomic mass of arbon This is NOT amu. Not close enough = atomic mass of arbon 1.3x10 11 joules per atom or 8.13 x joules per mole The difference, = amu The difference is attributed to BINDING ENERGY!
12 Atomic Mass of arbon Where does this number, ATOMI MASS, come from? Atomic mass is defined as the weighted average of the atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element. Naturally occurring Isotopes of carbon Mass (amu) Percent Abundance = amu As seen on the Periodic Table.
13 Atomic Mass of arbon Atomic mass is defined as the weighted average of the atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element. 6 What about 14? Produced in the upper atmosphere. It is not naturally occurring like 12 and 13. Image credit:
14 ounting Table Symbol # of protons # of neutrons 29 # of electrons Mass number harge
15 ounting Table Answers Try Hebden Page 149 (answers in the back of the book) Symbol F o a Sc Al +3 Ag +1 # of protons # of neutrons # of electrons Mass number harge
16 Next lecture we will focus on the electrons!!
( + and - ) ( - and - ) ( + and + ) Atoms are mostly empty space. = the # of protons in the nucleus. = the # of protons in the nucleus
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