6.1 Who were the opposing sides in the Am. Rev.?

Transcription

1 6.1 Who were the opposing sides in the Am. Rev.? The Opposing Sides British advantages: strongest navy in world well trained army $ from King larger population (8 mil to 2.5 mil Am.) Colonist disadvantages: no regular army, weak navy few weapons little experience ighting militia (short term commitment) not everyone supported war Loyalists/Tories Americans who supported British 1 in 5 were Loyalists strongest in Carolinas & Georgia weakest in New Eng. feared job security, trivial issue promised African Am. freedom if fought for Brit. Loyalty divided friends & family Patriot advantages: ighting on own land for a cause Brit. had to ship troops, supplies overseas vs. mercenaries/hessians (hired soldier) only ighting for $ Geo. Wash. excellent commander Continental Army Continental Congress didn't have power to raise army or $$ each colony responsible for recruiting (enlisting) soldiers to Cont. Army only signed up for 1 yr., but needed longer dificult to recruit oficers Women helped too (Margaret Corbin, Molly Pitcher, Deborah Sampson)

2 Early Campaigns Gen. William Howe British commander small battles so far, Brit. sent more troops Patriot Defeat on Long Island late Aug Pat. poorly equipped, no shoes, etc. Nathan Hale: spy for Patriots, caught by Brit, & hung let GW retreat A Low Point for the Patriots Cont. Army needs more troops African Americans in battle by war's end, all states but SC had enlisted Afr. Am. to ight (5,000 joined Patriots) Peter Salem: Afr. Am. who fought at Concord & Bunker Hill, got his freedom Battles of Trenton & Princeton Battle of Trenton, Dec. 25, 1776 Am. victory boosted their spirits, got supplies British Strategy: wanted to separate New Eng. from Middle colonies take Albany NY & control Hudson River Brit. Gen. Burgoyne S from Canada, St. Leger move E, Gen. Howe move N from NYC The British capture Philadelphia Howe takes Phila, but decides to stay for winter instead of going to Albany The Battle of Saratoga Oct Patriots slow the British St. Leger & Burgoyne held up getting to Albany Gen. Horatio Gates & Benedict Arnold: Patriot leaders Brit. Gen. Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga Patriot victory changed course of the war

3 6.2 The War Continues Gaining Allies France secretly supported the US after US Saratoga Fr. supported publicly gave $$, equipment, & troops Spain declared war on Brit. helps US by dividing Brit. attention fought Brit. in LA, MS, AL, FL Winter at Valley Forge Cont. Army Valley Forge in horrible winter conditions lacked food, clothing, shelter, medicine could have been the end of Cont. Army Foreigners help on the battleield Marquis de Lafayette: French & became Wash.'s aide Friedrich von Steuben: Prussian; turned Cont. Army into effective army Juan de Miralles: Spanish; loaned $$ Cont. Army still needed $$ to ight war Life on the Home Front Problems in the Economy Cont. Congress has no power to raise taxes to raise $ Congress & states printed own $ (w/ no gold or silver to back it) leads to inlation (it takes more $ to buy the same amount of goods)

4 New Ways of Thinking: women wanted more rights Questioning Slavery: Afr. Am. & some whites wanted to end slavery for it wasn't fair Treatment of Loyalists: bad; violence & shunned by neighbors

5 6.3 Battlegrounds Shift Fighting in the West More Natives sided w/ British (less of a threat) Joseph Brant: Nat. Am. chief; led attacks on settlers in SW NY & N'ern PA; Brit. paid some Natives for settlers' scalps VA militia leader George Rogers Clark set out to end Brit attacks in West captured Brit. post at Kaskaskia (IL) & Brit. city of Vincennes (IN) strengthened Am position in the West The War at Sea blockade: prevented supplies & reinforcements from reaching Cont. Army Brit controlled the Sea privateers (privately owned merchant ships w/ weapons) Am. Navy not strong so they paid who captured many Brit. ships Am. Naval Hero John Paul Jones: daring Am. naval oficer battle off coast of Gr. Britain btn Bonhomme Richard and Serapis Am. Bonhomme Richard won; Jones a hero Fighting in the South Am. victories in S (Battle of Moore's Creek NC & Charles Town SC) Brit new plan to end war; focus on S where most Loyalists were Early Brit. Success Brit. troops to Savannah GA Brit. Gen. Clinton to Charles Town (worst American defeat of the war) Brit. Gen. Cornwallis defeated Gen. Gates (Am.) in Camden SC Guerilla Warfare: hit and run technique of ighting Brit. got less help than expected from Loyalists in S Francis Marion: "Swamp Fox"; successful Am. guerilla leader Spain's Help Galvez (Gov. of LA) gave $$, troops; raised army to ight Brit. in Gulf of Mexico region Am. Successes Brit. moved N; threatened Am. along way > angered > Kings Mountain (Pat. victory) new support from S'erners to end war that destroyed their homes & farms Nathanial Greene: replaced Gates as commander of Cont. forces in S; regrouped Cornwallis Retreats Cornwallis abandoned Carolina campaign; marched N to VA Am. Gen. Wayne & Lafayette went to meet Cornwallis Cornwallis camped at Yorktown to await orders from Clinton

6 Create a foldable with the following information: British Victories, Leaders, Allies Patriots Victories, Leaders, Allies

7 6.4 The Final Years Victory at Yorktown Fr. Rochambeau met up with GW; plan to attack Brit. Washington Leaves for VA Lafayette had Cornwallis (Br.) Yorktown, VA (peninsula) de Grasse (Fr. leet helping Am.) heading to Chesapeake Bay Wash. & troops head to Yorktown A Trap at Yorktown Am. & Fr. (14,000) trap Cornwallis & Hessians Yorktown Clinton can't send aid cuz Fr. blocked Chesapeake Bay No escape for Brit. Victory over Cornwallis Br. supplies low, soldiers wounded Hopeless situation > Cornwallis surrendered "Yankee Doodle" & "World turned upside down" Patriots won battle of Yorktown Oct. 1781

8 Independence Achieved ratify: approve Br. realized war too costly to pursue (continue) Am. send Franklin, J. Adams, John Jay to Paris Sept Treaty of Paris Br. recognized US as indep. nation Br. withdraw troops from Am. ishing rights off coast of Canada to US US promised to pay Br. merchants advised states to return Loyalist properties A Conspiracy Against Congress soldiers not paid > threatened force against Congress GW urged patience & cooperation Washington Returns Home Dec Resigns as Commander of US troops, planned to live quietly Why the Americans Won Fought on own land ambush: surprise attack Help from other nations (Spain & France) People's movement determination & spirit of all Patriots American Revolution inspired French Revolution and independence of St. Domingue (Haiti)

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