World Proven Reserves of Crude Oil

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1 World Proven Reserves of rude il thousand million barrels

2 World Proven rude il Reserves as percent of 1296 thousand million barrel total

3 omposition of rude il RUDE IL HYDRARBNS NN-HYDRARBNS ALIPHATIS ARMATIS NAPHTHENES SULFURS NITRGENS XYGENS METALLIS 25% 17% 50% <8% <1% <3% <100PPM 1-60 ( 6 H 5 ) n YLALKANES SH S N H H

4 rude il lassification Saturates n - alkanes 5-44 branched alkanes cycloalkanes (napthenes) PETRLEUM Aromatics single ring condensed ring Asphaltics nitrogen oxygen sulfur containing compounds API Gravity = 35 o

5 The Uses of rude il

6 The Xylenes H 3 H 3 H 3 H 3 H 3 H 3 ortho meta para Boiling Point 144 o o o Melting Point -25 o o o

7 RUDE Petroleum delivered from well field DESALTING Water washing to remove impurities REFINING Distillation to separate by boiling point ranges REFRMING onversion reactions to alter molecular structures BLENDING Mixing to obtain maximum commercial characteristics

8 Petroleum Refining RUDE DESALTER FURNAE T W E R GAS LIGHT NAPHTHA HEAVY NAPHTHA KERSENE 1-4 bp < 20 o ATM. GAS IL 5 -? bp o bp o? - 12 bp o bp o RESIDUUM > 20 bp >350 o Distillation separation by boiling point

9 Petroleum Reforming T W E R GAS LIGHT NAPHTHA HEAVY NAPHTHA KERSENE ATM. GAS IL TREATER HYDRTREATER HYDRTREATER HYDRTREATER REFRMER ATALYTI RAKER ARMATI EXTRATIN FUEL GAS GASLINE ARMATIS JET FUELS/KERSENE DIESEL & FUEL ILS RESIDUUM VAUUM GAS IL ATALYTI RAKER Vacuum Distillation LUBRIATING IL ASPHALT KER KE

10 onversion Reactions THERMAL RAK 7 H H H 15 7 H H H 30 ATALYTI gasoline gasoline additive recycle ALKYLATIN H 3 H 2 H 3 H 2 H H 2 H 3 H 3 H 2 H 2 H 2 H 2 H 2 H 3 MBINE REARRANGE PLYMERIZATIN REFRMIING ISMERIZATIN Dehydrogenation Dehydroisomerization Isomerization Dehydrocyclization Hydrocracking H 3 H

11 Uses of Ethylene PLIETILEN DE BAJA DENSIDAD PLIETILEN DE ALTA DENSIDAD Alcoholes grasos Detergentes Biodegrables LIGMERS (adenas cortas) 1-olefinas 1,2- DILRETAN -Hl (H 2 =Hl) LRUR DE VINIL PV -H ETILBENEN 2 ESTIREN PLIESTIREN ANTINGELANTES ETILENGLIL H 2 -H 2 PLIESTERES XID DE ETILEN H H o RESINAS EPXI H 2 -H 2 ETXILATS, PLIETXILATS Usos menores DETERGENTES N INIS AETAT DE VINIL H 2 =H 2 + H 3 -H + 1/2 2 PLIMER H 2 =H-H 3 + H 2 ETANL LRETAN DISLVENTE, ESTERES ETILIS TETRAETILPLM

12 Uses of Propylene PLIPRPILEN ALQUILAIN DE BENEN H + H H 3 (x) + H 2 =H-H H 3 + H 3 3 H 3 HIDRATAIN A ALHL ISPRPILI H 2 =H-H 3 H 2 /S 4 H 2 H H 3 -H-H 3 (x) H 3 --H 3 BTENIN DE EPILRHIDRINA H 2 =H-H 3 l 2 /luz H2 =H-H 2 -l RH H2 - H-H 2 l RESINAS EPXI

13 atalytic Reforming onversion Reactions Dehydrogenation of cycloalkanes to aromatics H 3 H 3 3H 2 Dehydroisomerization of cyclopentanes to aromatics H 3 3H 2 Isomerization of alkanes H 3 H 2 H 2 H 2 H 3 H 3 H 3 H H 2 H 3 Dehdrocyclization of alkanes H 3 H 3 H 2 H 2 H 2 H 2 H 2 H 3 4 H 2 Hydrocracking of alkanes H 3 H 2 H 2 H 2 H 2 H 2 H 3 H 3 H 2 H 3 H 3 H 2 H 2 H 3

14 Preparation of PET monomers Formation of ethylene glycol H 2 H 2 2 Ag H 3 H H H H H 3 Formation of TA and DMT H 3 H [ 2 ] H 3 H 3 H H 3 H / o 2 H 3 T A H H 3 D MT

15 PET Polymerization Reactions Step Growth Polymerization - ondensation high Temp n n H H 2 H 2 H H 2 -H H H 2 H 2 n Ester Interchange - Transesterification n H 3 H 3 2n H H 2 H 2 H low Temp - 2n H 3 H H H 2 H 2 H 2 H 2 H H 2 H 2 n

16 SRAP PET The Dupont Petretec Process For Polyester Regeneration Landfill/Incinerate ontaminated PET PET for Recycling Mechanical Recycling H 3 H PET / DMT solution DMT Temp > 220 o METHANLYSIS REATR H 3 H, o, kPa DMT + Ethylene Glycol excess H 3 H Methanol removal column MPT / Ethylene Glycol DMT / Ethylene Glycol azeotrope MPT distillation DMT Ethylene Glycol / MPT Pure DMT distillation

17 Petretec Polyester Regeneration Methanolysis Reactor H 3 H H 2 H 2 n n H H 2 H 2 H n H 3 H o kpa