Section 1 Workbook (units 1, 2 & 3) Name: ANSWER KEY
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1 a Section 1 Workbook (units 1, 2 & 3) Name: ANSWER KEY 1) Use the following diagram to explain homeostasis. B2. Describe the characteristics of water and its role in biological systems 2) Use the following diagram to label the dipoles and types of bonds within and between the molecules. 3) Describe how water acts as a... solvent The negative O attracts and pulls on the positive part of the polar / ionic molecules while positive H attracts and pulls on the negative part of the polar / ionic molecules temperature regulator Water has a high specific heat capacity, which means the temperature of water is raised or lowered slowly good for evaporative cooling. lubricant Surface tension and polarity of water keeps joints sliding / moving easily Page 1 of 10
2 4) Draw a diagram that clearly shows how the polarity of the water molecule results in hydrogen bonding. Explain how this occurs clearly. B3. Describe the role of acids, bases, and buffers in biological systems 5) Describe the main distinguishing feature of each: A substance that dissociates into H+ in water. It has an excess of H+ acids ions A substance that dissociates into OH- in water. It has an excess of OHbases ions A substance that resists ph change by absorbing H+ or OH- to prevent buffers a change in ph. 6) Why is ph important to biological systems? Oxygen is larger and can therefore, pull electrons towards it (away from the hydrogen). This creates 2 areas of different charge. The H+ of one water molecule will bond with the O of another water molecule due to the attractive forces of the opposite charges. Because certain substances of the body need a certain ph to work properly ex) enzymes have a specific ph they work at. B4. Analyze the structure and function of biological molecules. 7) Use this diagram to show the relationship between: organic monomers, polymers, dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Explain the relationships. Organic Monomers Water Water Polymer Page 2 of 10
3 Complete the following flowchart (vocab listed at the bottom). water Carbon solvent cohesion Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids glucose Fatty acids & glycerol Amino acids nucleotides polymers polymers polymers Page 3 of 10
4 Complete the table. CARBOHYDRATES Main functions Empirical formula: Energy source, cell recognition, support/structure in plant cell wall, & energy storage (CH2O)n disaccharide monosaccharide Example(s) Glucose Maltose polysaccharides Cellulose Starch Structure Function(s) Short- term energy source Short- term energy source Strength in cell wall of plant - Provides animals with fibre Long- term energy in plants Long- term energy in animals (liver) Glycogen Page 4 of 10
5 8) Complete the following table. Starch Glycogen Cellulose Is it digestible in humans? Yes Yes No Describe the branching (if any) Few or no brances Highly branced No brances (alternating bonds) Name of monomer Produced in plants or animals? Glucose Glucose Glucose Plants Animals Plants LIPIDS: 9) Which is the unsaturated fatty acid and which is the saturated one? How do you know? Saturated because no C=C bonds Unsaturated because C=C bonds 10) Complete the following table: Structure State at room temperature Saturated Fat Long hydrocarbon chains with only C-C single bonds Solid Unsaturated Fat Long hydrocarbon chains with at least one C=C double bond Liquid Common name Source (where found) Examples Fats Animals Butter, lard Oils Plants Any vegetable oil 11) What is meant by the term neutral fat? Non-polar fat (equally charged and no dipoles) Page 5 of 10
6 12) Complete the following table: LIPIDS T y pe Location Structure Label: glycerol & fatty acids Function and interaction with water (if any) Hydrophobic Triglyceride Fats/oild Fatty acids glycerol The two molecules listed below are the same. Label: Glycerol, saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acids, and phosphate. Main component of cell membrane Phospholipid Cell Membrane Hydrophic tail and hydrophilic head Steroid Horomones cholesterol Hydrophobic 13) What is the structural difference between triglycerides and phospholipids? Triglycerides = 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids (E shaped) Phospholipids = 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids & 1 phosphate (one fatty acid of triglceride has been replaced by a phosphate group Page 6 of 10
7 14) Complete the following table: PROTEINS Main functions and chemical composition: Structural, transport, enzymes, immunity, movement Amino acids joined together with peptide bonds. Structure Draw & label: amino group, acid (carboxyl group) & the R-group Generalized amino acid Circle the peptide bond & describe how it forms Dipeptide Forms by dehydration synthesis between the amino group of one AA and the acid / carboxyl group of another AA Highlight the peptide bonds Level of protein structure? primary Peptide bonds only Name these structures. Polypeptides Peptide and H- bonds Level of protein structure? Secondary How is each level unique? Level of protein structure? Tertiary Peptide, H- bonds & covalent bonds Level of protein structure? Quatern ary Peptide, H- bonds, covalent and ionic bonds Page 7 of 10
8 15) What process is occuring in the following diagram. Dehydration Synthesis Label each component and the peptide bond. Amino acid amino acid dipeptide 16) Label the following parts of this amino acid. Amine Group acid group (carboxylic acid) Functional or R Group 17) Explain the significance of the R-group labeled in the diagram below: R-group always contains different molecules for each of the 20 different amino acids. Everything else is this monomer will be the same. 18) How are amino acids joined together? By dehydration synthesis (like any monomer) which forms a new peptide bond 19) What is meant by denaturation? What causes denaturation? Denaturation is the disruption of the shape of a protein (ex. frying an egg). Caused by high temperatures, non-optimal ph, exposure to heavy metals (e.g Mercury) or exposure to pesticides. NUCLEIC ACIDS: 20) Explain complementary base pairing. Complementary base pairing refers to the relationship between bases in DNA. Adenine (A) always base pairs with thymine (T) and Guanine (G) always base pairs with cytosine (C). A with T C with G Page 8 of 10
9 21) Complete the following table: NUCLEIC ACIDS nucleotide DNA RNA Sugar? Deoxyribose Sugar? Ribose B Phosphate? Yes or no Phosphate? Yes or no S Highlight & label the 3 parts Name the nitrogenous bases? A, T, G, C Name the nitrogenous bases? A, U, G, C Name Structure Function Sugar- phosphate backbone Name this polymer. DNA Label: sugar-phosphate backbone, base, hydrogen bonding, Circle one nucleotide & beside this diagram, draw the double helix. Stores genetic info., code, and controls cell activities Complementary base pairing = bases that always pair up (purine with pyrimidine) A with T & G with C. Name this polymer. RNA Label: sugar-phosphate backbone & the 4 bases in the molecule 4 bases are in black 3 functions for now, just know that the functions are all involved in Protein Synthesis (building proteins) Sugar phosphate backbone Name this polymer. ATP Label each of the following: Adenine (a base) Ribose (Sugar) Phosphates High energy bond Where is this molecule made and how is it used? Made in the mitochondrion = energy currency of cells when hydrolysis occurs to break off 3 rd phosphate group to release energy. Page 9 of 10
10 What is the functional and structural relationship between ADP and ATP? ATP (stored energy) ADP + P + energy When ATP loses its last phosphate, much energy is released and what is left is ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) Page 10 of 10
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LECTURE OUTLINE Chapter 5 The Lipids: Fats, Oils, Phospholipids and Sterols I The THREE types of LIPIDS A. Triglycerides (fats & oils)- the MAJOR type of lipid in food and humans. 1. 2 parts of triglyceridesa)