Client/ Server technologies and their applications. Introduction to Networking. Networks Defined. Mainframes. Mainframe Networking Model

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1 Client/ Server technologies and their applications Introduction to Networking Networks Defined Two or more connected computers that share data Network evolution Centralized (mainframe) models Client/server models Web-based networking Mainframes Retrieving information from mainframes Mainframe liabilities Mainframe Networking Model Client/Server Networking Model Mainframe Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal 1

2 Web-Based Networking Advantages Mainframe model power Client/server model scalability Open, global solution Peer-to-peer Server-based Networking (LAN) Categories Network Operating Systems Interoperability Novell NetWare Microsoft Windows UNIX Networking Protocols OSI (International Organization for Standardization) Model Layers Packet Structure Client Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Server Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Header Data Trailer 2

3 TCP/IP A collection of protocols TCP IP LANs and WANs Local Area Networks (LANs) A group of computers connected within a confined geographic area Commonly used for intraoffice communication Wide Area Networks (WANs) A group of computers connected over an expansive geographic area Internet Architecture TCP/IP Suite and Internet Addressing 3

4 Routing Protocols Port Numbers Well-known port numbers Registered port numbers Internet Addressing field1.field2.field3.field4 Reserved IP Addressing Each field represents one byte of data Subnet Masks Distinguish the network and host portions of an IP address Specify whether a destination address is local or remote Normal TCP/IP Desktop Configurations Basic configurations Name resolution configurations 4

5 Diagnostic Tools for Internet Troubleshooting The ping command The tracert command The netstat command The ipconfig command Windows NT/2000 The arp command Network analyzers Internetworking Internetworking File and Print File and print HTTP Proxy Caching Mail Mailing list Media DNS FTP News Certificate Directory Catalog Transaction File servers Print servers Print queue LPR/LPD HTTP Server Essentials Web server Web gateways Additional HTTP server considerations Common Web servers Proxy Caching Web documents Providing corporate firewall access Filtering client transactions Logging transactions Securing the host Enabling enhanced administration 5

6 Caching Mail Dedicated servers that speed data access by storing data retrieved by users, then presenting it directly to users SMTP POP3 IMAP Mailing List Mailing List Manager Public and private mailing lists Media Streaming audio and video Buffers Hosts file DNS hierarchy DNS components DNS server types DNS records DNS Logging control Access control FTP 6

7 Newsgroup issues Policies Security Legalities News Keys Identity theft Digital certificates Certificate Choosing the Ideal Server Popular server products Apache Web server Microsoft IIS Lotus Domino series Sun-Netscape Alliance servers Server-Side Scripting and Database Connectivity Client-Side and Server-Side Scripting Server-side includes Active content HTTP Gateways Application program interface (API) Client-side scripting Load distribution Transactions and download time 7

8 HTML Hyper Text MarkUp Language HTML Forms and Form Processing <FORM> tag attributes METHOD attribute ACTION attribute Common Gateway Interface Where are CGI scripts located? Benefits Interpreted languages Drawbacks Out-of-process events CGI Alternatives: Server Programming Interfaces SAPI ISAPI DLL files NSAPI JSP PHP ASP SSJS CGI Alternatives: Scripting Technologies CGI Alternatives: Java Servlets Java essentials JVM Java servlets versus scripting languages 8

9 Databases Two-Tier Computing Architecture Online Transaction Processing Types Nonrelational Relational Object-oriented Common features of a DBMS, RDBMS or ODBMS Hierarchical versus network One-tier, two-tier, three-tier and n-tier Minicomputer Data Data Mainframe Data Data Three-Tier Computing Architecture N-Tier Computing Architecture First Tier Second (Middle) Tier Third Tier First Tier Second (Middle) Tier Third Tier Database PC Database PC Server Server Server Server Database Connectivity ODBC 16-bit versus 32-bit Registering a database JDBC Database Connectivity Implementations Server-Side JavaScript and LiveWire ColdFusion Save as HTML ASP and ActiveX Data Objects 9

10 Network Security Essentials Defining Local resources Network resources Server resources Database and information resources Security Threats Viruses Accidental threats Intentional threats Types Macros Executables Boot sector Stealth Polymorphic Virus protection software User education 10

11 Stage 1: Discovery Stage 2: Penetration Stage 3: Control The Hacker Process Defeating Attacks OSI/RM security services Authentication Access control Data confidentiality Data integrity Nonrepudiation Auditing Authentication Status quo analysis Risk analysis Threat analysis Proving what you know Proving what you have Proving who you are Encryption Symmetric-key encryption Symmetric algorithms Dictionary programs Password sniffing SSL Asymmetric-key encryption SSL So slow connection? (Secure sockets layer) 11

12 Virtual Private Networks Firewalls Tunneling protocols Encryption occurs Source Decryption occurs Destination VPN using PPTP VPN using L2TP VPN using ISAKMP or IPSec Packet Filters Packet fields Source IP address Destination IP address TCP/UDP source port TCP/UDP destination port Proxy Circuit-level gateways Application-level gateways Firewall Topology Firewall implementations Packet filter Single-homed bastion host Dual-homed bastion host Screened subnet 12

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