SIMPLE One independent SENTENCE: clause CLAUSE: INDEPENDENT (Main) CLAUSE: PART OF SPEECH DEFINITION EXAMPLES VERBS: Action word (linking or helping)

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1 PART OF SPEECH DEFINITION EXAMPLES VERBS: Action word (linking or helping) SIMPLE One independent SENTENCE: clause Avarice is the downfall of many. CLAUSE: INDEPENDENT (Main) CLAUSE: Collection of words that has a subject that is actively working with a verb A clause that could stand by itself and form a complete sentence with punctuation since she laughs at foolish men I despise individuals of low character because she smiled at him. I despise individuals of low character 1

2 How do you turn an independent clause into a simple sentence? 2

3 PART OF SPEECH DEFINITION EXAMPLES CONJUNCTIONS: A word that connects or joins together words, phrases, clauses, or sentences There are three kinds of conjunctions, a primary class of COORDINATING conjunctions & a secondary class SUBORDINATING or SUBORDINATE conjunctions & CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS 3

4 PART OF SPEECH DEFINITION EXAMPLES COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS: Connect two equal parts of a sentence Connect two unequal parts, e.g., dependent and independent clauses For And Nor But Or Yet *So after since when although so that whenever as supposing where because than whereas before that wherever but that though whether if though which in order that till who while lest unless no matter until why how what even though 4

5 COMPOUND SENTENCE: 2 independent clauses joined by, and for, and, nor, but,or, yet Or 2 independent clauses joined by ; Or 2 independent clauses joined by ; + conjunctive adverb +, I, fanboys I or I ; I or I ;, John went to the store, but it was closed. John went to the store; it was closed. John went to the store; however, it was closed. 5

6 CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS: [Independent clause] ; conjunctive adverb, [independent clause]. Adverb that functions like a conjunction by expressing the relationship between independent sentences. accordingly again also besides consequently finally nevertheless otherwise still that is however indeed in fact instead likewise moreover then namely for example further furthermore hence therefore thus The gods thundered in the heavens; furthermore, the mortals below cowered in fear. The bank robber dodged the bullet; however, Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia. Susan appreciated the flowers; nevertheless, a Corvette would be a finer gift. 6

7 A main (independent) clause contains a subject and its verb and expresses a complete idea. It can stand alone as a sentence. In the following examples, the subject is underlined once, and the verb is underlined twice. MAIN CLAUSES: American folklore includes stories, songs, and more. Many characters in folklore stories are fictional. Others are based on real life people, such as Daniel Boone. 7

8 PART OF SPEECH DEFINITION EXAMPLES PHRASE: Phrases do not have a subject or predicate. leaving behind the dog smashing into a fence before the first test after the devastation between ignorance and intelligence broken into thousands of pieces because of her glittering smile 8

9 PART OF SPEECH DEFINITION EXAMPLES SUBJECT: The person, place, thing, or idea that is doing or being something. What the sentence is about. You can find the subject of a sentence if you can find the verb. Ask the question, "Who or what 'verbs'?" and the answer to that question is the subject. For instance, in the sentence "The computers in the Learning Center must be replaced," the verb is "must be replaced." What must be replaced? The computers. So the subject is "computers." A simple subject is the subject of a sentence stripped of modifiers. 9

10 PART OF SPEECH DEFINITION EXAMPLES PREDICATE: Verb plus its baggage My little brother broke his finger. His uncle Bob asked for directions. Those soldiers carried guns. The babysitter arrived late. 10

11 To determine the subject of a sentence, first isolate the verb and then make a question by placing "who?" or "what?" before it the answer is the subject. The audience littered the theatre floor with torn wrappings and spilled popcorn. The verb in the above sentence is "littered." Who or what littered? The audience did. "The audience" is the subject of the sentence. The predicate (which always includes the verb) goes on to relate something about the subject: what about the audience? It "littered the theatre floor with torn wrappings and spilled popcorn." 11

12 Although there is a SUBORDINATE subject working with a DEPENDENT verb, a subordinate CLAUSE: conjunction is placed in front of the clause. That subordinate conjunction means that the clause can't stand independently by itself and become a complete sentence. Instead, the dependent clause is dependent upon another clause it can't make a complete sentence by itself, even though it has a subject "doing" a verb. since she laughs at ugly men when the saints go marching in because she smiled at him These clauses simply do not form complete thoughts or sentences by themselves. Those subordinate conjunctions since, when, and because cause the listener to expect some extra material. CLAUSE CANNOT STAND BY ITSELF!!! 12

13 PART OF SPEECH DEFINITION EXAMPLES PRONOUNS: Word that takes the place of noun ADJECTIVES: Word that describes a noun ADVERBS: Word that describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb PREPOSITION: Begins a phrase Words which relate a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence LIST 13

14 COMPLEX SENTENCE: 1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses I D OR D, I John went to the store because he needed milk. When John went to the store, he forgot his wallet. 14

15 A subordinate (dependent) clause contains a subject and its verb but does not express a complete idea. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. The word subordinate means, "occupying a lower position." We use subordinate to label clauses that are in a lower position than, or dependent upon, a main clause. Specifically, the subordinate the subordinate clause depends on the main clause to complete the expression of thought. 15

16 What is the difference between a subordinate clause and an independent clause? 16

17 SENTENCE REVIEW: I + COMMA + COORDINATING CONJUNCTION + I = OR I + SEMICOLON + I = OR I + SEMICOLON + CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB + COMMA + I WHAT TYPE OF SENTENCE? D + COMMA + I = OR I + D = WHAT TYPE OF SENTENCE? 17

18 (A) Two independent clauses can be joined by a comma and a pure conjunction. However, a comma by itself will not work. (Using a comma without a conjunction to hook together two sentences creates a comma splice!) [Independent Clause], pure conjunction [independent clause]. Examples: The gods thundered in the heavens, and the mortals below cowered in fear. I dodged the bullet, but Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia. Susan appreciated the flowers, yet a Corvette would be a finer gift. (B) Two independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb are separated by a semicolon. However, the writer still needs to insert a comma after the conjunctive adverb. [Independent clause] ; conjunctive adverb, [independent clause]. Examples: The gods thundered in the heavens; furthermore, the mortals below cowered in fear. The bank robber dodged the bullet; however, Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia. Susan appreciated the flowers; nevertheless, a Corvette would be a finer a gift. (C) Two independent clauses not joined by a conjunction are separated by a semicolon. [Independent clause] ; [independent clause]. Examples: The gods thundered in the heavens; the mortals below cowered in fear. The bank robber dodged the bullet; Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia. Susan appreciated the flowers; a Corvette would be a finer gift. In the examples above, you can see that the semicolon does the same job as both a comma and a conjunction. (D) A dependent clause at the beginning of a sentence is introductory, and like most bits of introductory material, it is usually followed by comma. A dependent clause following the main (independent) clause is usually not punctuated. Examples Using Introductory Clauses: While the gods thundered in the heavens, the mortals below cowered in fear. As the bank robber dodged the bullet, Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia. Though Susan appreciated the flowers, a Corvette would be a finer gift. But on the other hand, no punctuation is necessary for the dependent clause following the main clause: The gods thundered in the heavens as mortals below cowered in fear. The bank robber dodged the bullet while Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia. Susan appreciated the flowers even though a Corvette would be a finer gift. NOTE 3: By placing a subordinate conjunction in front of any independent clause, the writer transforms a perfectly good sentence into a fragment! Be careful, and use your conjunctions wisely. In the sentence fragments below, the clauses are dependent. To fix the problem, the grammarian must either connect them to another clause or delete the subordinate conjunction (in blue). Sentence fragments caused by subordinate conjunctions: As mortals cowered in fear. While Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia. Although a Corvette would be a finer gift. 18

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