Guide to academic referencing
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1 Guide to academic referencing Contents 1 Introduction The Harvard system The Vancouver system Introduction A referencing system provides: Rules for how to cite the work of others in your own text Rules for how to format a reference list showing full details of all the sources cited in your text There are many different referencing systems but in this technical supplement we will provide an overview of two that illustrate alternative approaches to referencing. The first is the Harvard system which is an example of what is known as an author-date referencing system because sources are cited using the author(s) surname and the date of publication of the work. The reference list is then organised alphabetically by surname. The second is the Vancouver system, which is a numerical system in which work is cited using a number which is in turn linked to the reference list. You should be aware that there are many differences even within these two styles. Many academic institutions and publishers have their own variations on the basic systems. We will point some of these out in what follows but it is important that you familiarise yourself with the specific requirements of your own institution or any publisher that you are working with. Neville (2010) provides a detailed guide to most aspects of referencing using different formats. Many universities offer guidance on their preferred referencing style, as do most publishers. Management Research: Applying the Principles 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 1
2 2 The Harvard system The Harvard system is widely used in social sciences and a version of it is used in this book. 2.1 Citing the work of others in your text There are two ways of citing the work of others in your text: 1. Greater clarity about your aims and objectives will improve your research project (Jankowicz 2005). 2. Jankowicz (2005) argues that greater clarity about your aims and objectives will improve your research project. In the first example, the work (Jankowicz 2005) is simply cited as the source of and authority for the claim, in the second example the author is being given voice as the active proposer of the argument. The latter gives the author more prominence. Either method can be used in a given text. When quoting directly from another work, you should include the page number from which the quote is taken, for example: Academic study involves not just presenting and describing ideas, but also being aware of where they came from, who developed them, why and when (Neville 2011, p. 8). Or: Neville (2011, p. 2) points out that many students find referencing a pain, a mechanistic chore and a complete bore. If no year is given in the source use (n.d.) or (no date). For a web page if no date is given on the page, use the year you accessed the site. When a source has two or three authors, the surnames are given in full, e.g. Smith and Jones (2000). When there are four or more, the first author is given in full and the others are replaced by et al. (meaning and others ), e.g. Patel et al. (2010). If citing more than one source in the same place, the sources should be cited in chronological order, with the earliest publication coming first, e.g.: (Mintzberg 1983; Hahn and Taylor 2001; Christensen 2005). Management Research: Applying the Principles 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 2
3 If citing multiple works by the same author arrange them in chronological order, with the earliest publication coming first, e.g. Mintzberg (1983, 1985). If citing two or more sources published by the same author in the same year, a lower case letter (a, b, n) is added after the year to distinguish the separate works. This is then repeated in the reference list. For example: de Vaus (2002a, 2002b). 2.2 Formatting the Reference List The reference list is a list of all the works that you have referenced in your writing. It is usually placed at the end of the main text, before any appendices. Under the Harvard system, all of the references appear in a single list, organised alphabetically by first author s surname, for example: JANKOWICZ, A. D. (2005) Business Research Projects. 4th edn. London: Thomson Learning. LACLAU, E. and MOUFFE, C. (2001) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. 2nd edn. London: Verso. MORRELL, K. (2008). The narrative of evidence based management: a polemic. Journal of Management Studies. Vol. 45 No. 3, pp The referencing system lays down conventions regarding how different types of work (i.e. book, academic journal article, website, etc.) should appear in the reference list. Reference to online material is made by giving the full URL (Uniform Resource Locator) which is the web address at which the material is located or, if it is available, the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) which is a unique digital identifier for an electronic document such as a book or journal. The date on which the material is accessed is also given in the reference, as shown in the examples below. Table 1 gives examples of widely-used source types using the Harvard system. Management Research: Applying the Principles 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 3
4 Table 1: Example referencing using the Harvard system Source type Basic format Example (single author) (two or three authors) (four or more authors) (multiple titles by the same author in the same year) (edited) Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (Year of publication). Title. Edition number [if not the first]. Place of publication: publisher. Use standard book format but separate authors with a comma and use & to link the final author. For four or more authors, list first author and replace others with et al. ( and others ). This is optional; alternatively you can include all names. If citing two or more sources published by the same author in the same year, a lower case letter (a, b, n) is added after the year to distinguish the separate works. Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (ed. or eds.) (Year of publication). Title. Edition number [if not the first]. Place of publication: publisher. MINTZBERG, H. (1973). The nature of managerial work. New York: Harper and Row. COGHLAN, D. & BRANNICK, T. (2010). Doing action research in your own organization. 3rd edn. London: Sage. DANERMARK, B., et al. (2002). Explaining society. Critical realism in the Social Sciences. London: Routledge. DE VAUS, D. (2002a). Analyzing Social Science Data. London: Sage. DE VAUS, D. (2002b). Surveys in Social Research. 5th edn. Abingdon: Routledge. FLEETWOOD, S. & ACKROYD, S. (eds.) (2004). Critical realist applications in organisation and management studies. London: Routledge. Management Research: Applying the Principles 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 4
5 Source type Basic format Example (online) Chapter in an edited book Conference paper (published in conference proceedings) Conference paper (not published in conference proceedings) Journal article Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (Year of publication). Title. Edition number [if not the first]. [Online] Place of publication: publisher. Available from URL [Accessed date of access]. Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (Year of publication). Title. In Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (ed. or eds.) Title. Edition number [if not the first]. Place of publication: publisher, pp. [page numbers]. Author(s) [SURNAME, initials) (Year of publication). Title of paper. In Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (ed. or eds.) or Originator Title of conference proceedings. Place of publication: publisher, pp. [page numbers]. Author(s) [SURNAME, initials) (Year of publication). Title of paper. Paper presented at Full title of conference. Location of conference, date of conference. Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of journal. Vol. [volume number], No. [issue number], pp. [page numbers]. MARSHALL, A. (1920). Principles of economics. 8th edn. [Online] London: Macmillan and Co. Available from marp.html [Accessed 15 Sep. 2013]. KANDOLA, B. (2012). Focus groups. In SYMON, G. & CASSELL, C. (eds.) Qualitative organizational research. London: Sage, pp EZINGEARD, J.-N., BIRCHALL, D. & SPINKS, N. (2002). Understanding the Business and Technology Landscape of the UK Engineering Industry: A Study of the Intellectual Capital Base. In IEEE 2002 IEEE International Engineering Management Conference. Cambridge: IEEE, pp SPINKS, N. (2007). Process Governance: Moving OM Beyond Planning and Control. Paper presented at 18th Annual Conference of the Production and Operations Management Society. Dallas, 4 7 May GREEN, L. V. & SAVIN, S. (2008). Reducing delays for medical appointments: a queuing approach. Operations Research. Vol. 56, No. 6, pp Management Research: Applying the Principles 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 5
6 Source type Basic format Example Journal article (online journal) Report (named authors) Report (authors not named) Report (online) Website Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of journal [Online]. Vol. [volume number], No. [issue number], pp. [page numbers]. Available from URL or DOI [Accessed date of access]. Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (Year of publication). Title. Place of publication: publisher. Originator (Year of publication). Title. Place of publication: publisher. Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] or Originator (Year of publication). Title. [Online]. Available from URL or DOI [Accessed date of access]. Originator (Year). Title of site or page. [Online]. Available from URL or DOI [Accessed date of access]. KELLE, U. (1997). Theory Building in Qualitative Research and Computer Programs for the Management of Textual Data. Sociological Research Online [Online]. Vol. 2, No. 2. Available from [Accessed 29 Apr. 2004]. BOSWORTH, D. (1999). Empirical Evidence of Management Skills in the UK. Nottingham: Department for Education and Employment. ENGINEERING EMPLOYERS FEDERATION (2001). Unlocking our potential: the case for supporting skills development. London: Engineering Employers Federation. ROLLS-ROYCE (2013). Rolls-Royce Holdings plc annual report [Online]. Available from rolls_royce_annual_report_2012_tcm pdf [Accessed 16 Sep. 2013]. TRANSPORT FOR LONDON (2012). Company information. [Online]. Available from [Accessed 16 Sep. 2013]. 2.3 Common variations on the Harvard system There are many variations on the Harvard style. Common ones include: Author surnames in the reference list are not capitalised. Item titles in the reference lists are underlined rather than shown in italics. Management Research: Applying the Principles 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 6
7 Abbreviations Vol. and No. in journal references omitted (see example in Vancouver system). Different conventions regarding punctuation of author initials, use of commas, etc. Available at: (with or without colon) replaces available from for online sources. References to page numbers in citations replace p with a colon. For example: (Neville 2011, p. 8) is replaced by (Neville 2011: 8). Make sure you check your institution s requirements and, above all, be consistent. 3 The Vancouver system The Vancouver system is an example of a recurrent numbering style of referencing. 3.1 Citing the work of others in your text Each source is cited by using a number in superscript or brackets the first time it appears and these numbers are then used in the reference list. The same number is used each time the source is cited in the text. For example: Greater clarity about your aims and objectives will improve your research project (1). If you are using the author s surname in the main text, insert the reference number after the name, for example: Jankowicz (1) argues that greater clarity about your aims and objectives will improve your research project. Using superscript rather than brackets this would be written as Jankowitz 1 argues If the source has more than one author use the first author s surname followed by et al. (meaning and others ), for example Danermark et al. (2) argue When quoting directly from a source, you should include the page number from which the quote is taken, for example: Academic study involves not just presenting and describing ideas, but also being aware of where they came from, who developed them, why and when (3, p 8). Or: Neville (3, p 2) points out that many students find reference a pain, a mechanistic chore and a complete bore. Management Research: Applying the Principles 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 7
8 If using superscript the referencing in the above examples would be Neville 3 (p. 2). If referencing more than one source in the same place, the sources should be cited in numerical order, e.g.: (1,3,12) or 1,3, Formatting the Reference List As with the Harvard system, the reference list is a list of all the works that you have referenced in your writing. It is usually placed at the end of the main text, before any appendices. Under the Vancouver system, all of the references appear in a single numbered list in the order in which they are cited in the main body, for example: 1. Jankowicz A. Business research projects. 4th edn. London: Thomson; Danermark B, Ekström M, Jakobsen L, Karlsson JC. Explaining society: critical realism in the social sciences. London: Routledge; Neville C. The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism. 2nd edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press; The referencing system lays down conventions regarding how different types of work (i.e. book, academic journal article, website, etc.) should appear in the reference list. Reference to online material is made by giving the full URL (Uniform Resource Locator) which is the web address at which the material is located or, if it is available, the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) which is a unique digital identifier for an electronic document such as a book or journal. The date on which the material is accessed is also included in the reference, as shown in the examples below. Table 2 gives examples of widely-used source types using the Vancouver system. Management Research: Applying the Principles 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 8
9 Table 2: Example referencing using the Vancouver system Source type Basic format Example (single author) Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title. Edition number [if not the first]. Place of publication: publisher; year of publication. Mintzberg H. The nature of managerial work. New York: Harper and Row; (multiple authors) Separate multiple authors with a comma. For more than six authors, list the first six, separated by commas, and replace the names of others with et al. ( and others ). Coghlan D, Brannick T. Doing action research in your own organization. 3rd edition. London: Sage; (edited) Author(s) [Surname initials] (ed. or eds.). Title. Edition number [if not the first]. Place of publication: publisher; year of publication. Fleetwood S, Ackroyd S (eds.). Critical realist applications in organisation and management studies. London: Routledge; (online) Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title. Edition number [if not the first]. [Online] Place of publication: publisher; year of publication. Available from URL [Accessed date of access]. Marshall A. Principles of economics. 8th Edition. [Online] London: Macmillan and Co; Available from marp.html (Accessed 15 Sep. 2013). Management Research: Applying the Principles 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 9
10 Source type Basic format Example Chapter in an edited book Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title. In: Author(s) [Surname initials] (ed. or eds.) Title. Edition number [if not the first]. Place of publication: publisher; year of publication, p [page numbers]. Kandola B. Focus groups. In: Symon G, Cassell C (eds.) Qualitative organizational research. London: Sage; 2012, p Conference paper (published in conference proceedings) Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title of paper. In: Author(s) [Surname initials] (ed. or eds.) or Originator Title of conference proceedings. Place of publication: publisher; year of publication, p [page numbers]. Ezingeard J-N, Birchall D, Spinks N. Understanding the Business and Technology Landscape of the UK Engineering Industry: A Study of the Intellectual Capital Base. In: IEEE 2002 IEEE International Engineering Management Conference. Cambridge: IEEE; 2002, p Conference paper (not published in conference proceedings) Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title of paper. Paper presented at Full title of conference; Date of conference [year, month, day]; Location of conference. Spinks N. Process Governance: Moving OM Beyond Planning and Control. Paper presented at 18th Annual Conference of the Production and Operations Management Society; 2007 May 4 7; Dallas. Journal article Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title of article. Name of journal. Year of publication; volume number (issue number): page numbers. Green L V, Savin S. Reducing delays for medical appointments: a queuing approach. Operations Research. 2008; 56(6): Management Research: Applying the Principles 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 10
11 Source type Basic format Example Journal article (online journal) Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title of article. Name of journal [Online] Year of publication; volume number (issue number): page numbers. Available from URL or DOI [Accessed date of access). Kelle U. Theory Building in Qualitative Research and Computer Programs for the Management of Textual Data. Sociological Research Online [Online] 1997; 2(2). Available from 2/2/1.html [Accessed 29 Apr. 2004]. Report (named authors) Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title. Place of publication: publisher; year of publication. Bosworth D. Empirical Evidence of Management Skills in the UK. Nottingham: Department for Education and Employment; Report (authors not named) Originator. Title. Place of publication: publisher; year of publication. Engineering Employers Federation. Unlocking our potential: the case for supporting skills development. London: Engineering Employers Federation; Report (online) Website Author(s) [Surname initials] or Originator. Title. [Online]. Year of publication. Available from URL or DOI [Accessed date of access]. Originator. Title of site or page. [Online]. Year. Available from URL or DOI [Accessed date of access]. Rolls-Royce. Rolls-Royce Holdings plc annual report [Online] Available from annual_report_2012_tcm pdf [Accessed 16 Sep. 2013]. Transport for London. Company information. [Online] Available from corporate/about-tfl/4510.aspx [Accessed 16 Sep. 2013]. 3.3 Common variations on the Vancouver system There are many variations on the Vancouver style. Common ones include: Management Research: Applying the Principles 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 11
12 Author surnames in the reference list are capitalised. Use of Vol. [volume] and No. [issue number] when referencing journals (see example in the Harvard system). Different conventions regarding punctuation of author initials, use of commas, etc. Available at: (with or without colon) replaces available from for online sources. As with any referencing system, make sure you check your institution s requirements and, above all, be consistent. Reference Neville, C. (2010). The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism. 2nd ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Management Research: Applying the Principles 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 12
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