Theory: a well confirmed type of explanation of nature, made in a way consistent with scientific method, and fulfilling the criteria required by

Transcription

1 Theory: a well confirmed type of explanation of nature, made in a way consistent with scientific method, and fulfilling the criteria required by modern science. Scientific theories are the most reliable, rigorous, and comprehensive form of scientific knowledge 1

2 Evolution is the process of biological change by which descendents come to differ from their ancestors. It is a process that takes thousands of years. Although Charles Darwin deserves most of the credit for the theory of evolution that we know today, he was not the first person to come up with the idea. 2

3 Carolus Linnaeus: > In the 1700 s this Swedish botanist, developed a classification system for all types of organisms known at the time, based on their similarities, and reflected their evolutionary past. 3

4 > Carolus Linnaeus Later in his career Linnaeus abandoned the idea that organisms were fixed, and did not change, proposing the idea of hybridization. A species is a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can reproduce and have fertile offspring 4

5 Georges Lois Leclerc de Buffon > He proposed that species shared common ancestors instead of arising separately. > He rejected the common idea of the time that the earth was only 6000 years old. This argument was in line with that of the famous geologist Charles Lyell. 5

6 Erasmus Darwin > Grandfather of Charles Darwin > Proposed that all living things were descendents from a common ancestor. 6

7 Jean Baptiste Lamarck > In 1809 this French naturalist proposed that all organisms evolved toward perfection and complexity. > Proposed that these changes were based on the environment, which led to a greater use or disuse of structure or organ. His theory was known as the inheritance of acquired characteristics. 7

8 French Zoologist Georges Cuvier did not believe that species could change. However, he did believe that they could become extinct. He based this idea on the law of superposition (in a sequence of layered rocks, a given layer was deposited before any layer above it). 8

9 Thursday, January 31 Bell Work: What is a theory? 9

10 Missing Work Genetic Disorder Project Cassandra Brazen Josh White Mini Lab 11.1 Stokes Mini Lab 11.2 Cassandra Ashley Stokes Sarah Snorks Derek Alexa Tommy Travis Brazen Stokes Jason Xavier Nathan Frank Josh White Destinee Genetic Disorder In Friday or no points Mini Labs in Friday or no points Snorks in Friday or no points 10

11 Cuvier noticed that each stratum (rock layer), held its own specific type of fossils, and the deeper you went into the layers, the more different the fossils were. 11

12 Catastrophisim: states that natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions, shaped the landforms, and caused species to go extinct. 12

13 Gradualism: geological processes occur through small events slowly over time. An example would be that canyons are cut slowly over thousands or millions of years by flowing water. 13

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15 Uniformitarianism: an expanded theory of gradualism that states that geological processes that shape the earth are uniform throughout time. This theory greatly affected the scientific community, especially a young naturalist by the name of Charles Darwin. 15

16 The Fossil Record Fossils are traces of organisms that existed in the past Superposition: things on top are younger than things on the bottom 16

17 Permineralization: occurs when minerals carried by water are deposited around a hard structure 17

18 Natural Casts: form when flowing water removes all of the original bone or tissue, leaving just an impression in the sediment 18

19 Trace Fossils: record the activity of an organism. They include nests, burrows, imprints of leaves, and footprints. 19

20 Amber preserved fossils: are organisms trapped in tree resin that hardens into amber after the tree gets buried underground. 20

21 Preserved remains: forms when an entire organism becomes encased in materials such as ice, volcanic ash, or immersed in bogs 21

22 Mold forms when an organism is buried in sediment and then decays. This is a cast that is filled in. Mold Cast 22

23 lived and their distribution Continental Drift Theory Plate Tectonics 23

24 Pangea Laurasia and Gondwana separated Fossils 24

25 evidence mass extinction 25