CLIMATE CHANGE AND CONTAMINANTS A SOUTHERN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH RESEARCH UNIT. Halina Röllin PhD MSc
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1 ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH RESEARCH UNIT CLIMATE CHANGE AND CONTAMINANTS A SOUTHERN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE Halina Röllin PhD MSc 5 th Conference on Global Health and Vaccination Research 6-8 JUNE 2010 Tromsø, Norway
2 2008 a turning point in the climate change debate CLIMATE CHANGE DEBATE Climatic and scientific evidence accepted Principal cause human activity Climate change endangers human health in fundamental ways air, water, food, shelter, freedom of disease Consequences not evenly distributed with developing countries, small islands and coastal populations affected first and worst
3 PREDICTED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA By million people exposed to increased water stress; agricultural yields reduced by 50% By % increase in arid and semi-arid land End 21th century due to rising sea levels costs of adaptation could amount to 5-10% of GDP Sources: Working group IPCC, 2007
4 FACTORS INFLUENCING IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN SOUTHERN AFRICAN REGION Political and economic situation (some in transition and/or unstable politically, economically dependent on export of mineral deposits, high degree of dependence on external funding) High unemployment rate Uncontrolled migration within and from outside Rapid urbanisation - rate of urbanization fastest in Africa (worldwide 75% of population will reside in megacities by 2025) Very diverse/non homogeneous society
5 OTHER FACTORS Population status (poverty, compromised food security, lack of clean water, poor sanitation) Poor living conditions (deficient housing, overcrowding) Overcrowding increases contamination of environment
6 High prevalence of communicable diseases (HIV/AIDS, TB, diarrhoea, infections etc) OTHER FACTORS Insufficient medical care ( erratic or non existent immunization programmes) Re-emergence of vector-borne diseases (malaria, Congo fever, Rift Valley Fever etc) Population highly susceptible to effects of climate change
7 SOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS IN SOUTHERN AFRICAN REGION - Air pollution (green gases, PM and ozone) - Mining dumps in vicinity of residential areas Johannesburg 1999
8 Industrial and mining activities Agriculture and forest fires Oil spills and volcanic eruptions Quarry Mozambique Oil spill -XFP/Getty/NASA
9 MINING AND ENVIRONMENT Effect on land: Deforestation, Loss of Biodiversity, Pollution Effect on Water: Pollution, Loss of Aquatic Life Spread of Diseases: Stagnant pool of mine tailings water becomes the breeding ground for water-borne diseases
10 INFORMAL INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES Uncontrolled disposal of contaminants Imports of chemical waste Use of banned substances in agriculture Urban informal sector in AFRICA absorbs 61% of the urban labour force (ILO) Authorities and public generally associate environmental pollution with large operations only
11 Population based mercury study KwaZulu Natal, South Africa 50% of the fish samples 17% of human hair samples exceeded WHO guideline levels for mercury 62% of the river sediment samples collected in close proximity to the former mercury processing plant, exceeded the level at which remedial action is required Papu-Zamxaka, V., Mathee, A., Harpham, T., Barnes, B., Röllin, H., Lyons, M., Jordaan, W., Cloete, M., Elevated mercury exposure in communities living alongside the Inanda Dam, South Africa. J. Environ. Monit. 12,
12 ARTISANAL AND SMALL SCALE MINING Mozambiqu UNIDO Artisanal diamond mining (MRC) UNIDO Mozambique (UNIDO) Artisanal Gold Mining, Johannesburg (MRC)
13 MINING TECHNIQUES
14 Reproductive health and contaminants (Collaboration - Norway and South Africa) Toxic metals PCB congeners DDTs Other pesticides PFCs
15 GREATER ST LUCIA WETLAND PARK (World Heritage Site)
16
17 Use of pesticides for malaria and other vector controls
18 CLIMATE CHANGE, CONTAMINANTS AND ACTION Possibility of release of contaminants to the environment in the extreme episodes of weather (storage, soil, refuse deposits etc) Common goals to develop coping mechanisms Management of international waters Protection of globally significant biodiversity Renewable energy Sustainable community development projects Need to develop community-based public health model
19 Key Adaptation Need for national energy efficiency and transport policy Intervention to increase the adaptive capacity of community and region, and individual responses Health systems adaptation Awareness and understanding of the problem Capacity to influence political will Fundamental constrains in low-income countries Resources for adaptation will be shared across other problems in society Potential for conflict Equity/efficiency Political feasibility
20 RESEARCH PRIORITIES Development of methods to quantify the climate change impacts on a range of health outcomes Development of health-impacts models for projecting climate-change-related impacts under different climate and socio-economic scenarios Investigations of the costs of the projected health impacts/ effectiveness of adaptation/identify limiting forces Capacity development Incorporation of research findings into policy decisions in order to protect health
21 METHODOLOGY: ACTION RESEARCH Need to define the research and educational priorities in accordance with global and national needs Stakeholders need to be involved in all aspects of research (conceptualization, development of research tools, and engagement in the actual research) Promote equitable access and gender equality Need to respect the cultural traditions of indigenous communities Need to involve community in research
22 Thank you for your attention Source UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA (UNISA)
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