Cell Doctrine! Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio! Cell Membranes! Cellular Transport Mechanisms!

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1 Chapter 3 - Cells - Part 1! Cell Doctrine! Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio! Cell Membranes! Cellular Transport Mechanisms! 1! Cell Doctrine! The Cell Doctrine:! 1. Living organisms are composed of one or more cells.! 2. Cells arise from the division of pre-existing cells.! 3. Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions.! 4. Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level.! "(Organismal homeostasis reflects the combined, coordinated action of many cells/ organs/organ systems.)! 2! 1!

2 Why Are Cells Small? " " " Figure 3.3! Surface area-to-volume ratio limits cell size.! 6:1! 1:1! 3! Importance of Surface Area to Volume Ratio! Surface area-to-volume ratio limits cell size because:! As cell size increases, the surface area-tovolume ratio decreases.! A. Cell volume determines metabolic demands.! B. Cell surface area determines the supply of nutrients, oxygen, removal of wastes that can be obtained from the environment.! A very large cell would have demands that are greater than its surface area could supply.! 4! 2!

3 Cell Diversity! Somatic cells! Sex cells! F.H. Martini 2004! 5! A Generalized Cell " " " " Figure 3.2! 6! 3!

4 Cell (Plasma) Membrane Structure! About a 50:50 mixture of proteins and lipids" A. Phospholipid bilayer - Fluid Mosaic Model! "Do you think the fluid mosaic model is a hypothesis or a theory? How would you know the difference?! Phospholipid tails hydrophobic " "( fear water )! Phospholipid heads - hydrophilic! " "( love water )! B. Cholesterol (a steroid)! Increases stiffness of membrane! C. Proteins of many types (next slide)! 7! Some Membrane Protein Types! Functional classification:! Anchoring proteins (CAMs = cell adhesion molecules)! Recognition proteins (e.g. MHC)! Enzymes! Receptor proteins! Carrier proteins! Channel proteins! Structure determines function." 8! 4!

5 Cell Membrane Structure " " Figure 3.6! Outside cell! Inside cell! 9! Cell (Plasma) Membrane Functions! Maintains structural integrity of cell! Regulates movement of substances into/out of cell! " "I.e. the membrane is selectively permeable" Allows recognition between cells (e.g. MHCs)! Allows communication between cells (receptors)! Catalyzes chemical reactions (enzymes)! Binds cells together (CAMs)! 10! 5!

6 Membrane Transport! How Things Get Into and Out of Cells! 11! Transport Processes: Passive and Active! 1. Passive transport! Does not use ATP! Energy for transport provided by random molecular motion due to heat! Solute moves from higher to lower concentration! " "i.e. down its concentration gradient: [high] [low]! Examples of passive transport:! Simple diffusion! Facilitated diffusion! Osmosis! 12! 6!

7 Active Transport "! 2. Active transport! ATP required! Carrier molecule required! Solute moves from lower to higher concentration! " "i.e. against its concentration gradient! " " "[low] [high]! Examples of active transport:! Primary active transport! Na + /K + ATPase pump! Vesicular transport! 13! Simple Diffusion! Movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration! Net diffusion continues until concentration gradient is eliminated! All molecules are in constant random motion if environmental temperature is above absolute zero! Absolute zero = COLD = 0 K! " " " " " = C! " " " " " = F!!! 14! 7!

8 ! Chapter 3, Part 1 - Cells! Simple Diffusion " "! F.H. Martini 2004! 15! Diffusion Across Membranes - Permeability (P)! Permeability (P) refers to the ease with which substances can cross the cell membrane! Nothing passes through an impermeable barrier! Anything can pass through a freely permeable barrier! Cell membranes are selectively permeable (semipermeable)! 16! 8!

9 Simple Diffusion Rate Across a Cell Membrane! Diffusion rate across a cell membrane depends upon:! So! Permeability (P) of the membrane to the solute! The solute s concentration difference (ΔC) across the membrane! Diffusion rate = P ΔC! 17! Selective Permeability " " (Martini 2004)! What factors affect permeability (P) for a particular solute?! 18! 9!

10 Factors Affecting Permeability (P)! Permeability (P) is affected by:! Solute size vs. protein channel (pore) size! Solute charge vs. local membrane charge! Solubility in lipid! Presence of specific carrier molecules (transporters)! Temperature! Note: The concentration difference does not directly affect permeability.! 19! Diffusion Across the Cell Membrane Figure 3.7! Lipid! solubility! 20! 10!

11 Diffusion Across the Cell Membrane! + + F.H. Martini ! Facilitated Diffusion! Diffusion that is facilitated by a carrier molecule! A form of passive transport! [High] [Low]! No ATP used! 22! 11!

12 Facilitated Diffusion " " " Figure 3.8! 23! Facilitated Diffusion - Another Example! F.H. Martini 2004! 24! 12!

13 Osmosis! Osmosis = Diffusion of water down its concentration gradient across a semipermeable membrane! Osmotic pressure = pressure required to prevent osmosis! Why is this important?! If your cells swell up, they don t work correctly.! If your cells shrink, they don t work correctly.! If your cells don t work correctly, you don t work correctly. Simple, eh?! 25! Osmosis Experiment! Water follows salt (solute).! Selectively permeable! membrane! What will happen to the fluid levels on sides A and B?!! What do you have to know to answer this question?..! Diffusion rate = P ΔC! F.H. Martini 2004! 26! 13!

14 Osmosis - 1 "Flux = P ΔC! Required information:! P H20 = High! P glucose = 0! [glucose] on side A = 5%! [water] on side A =?! [glucose] on side B = 10%! [water] on side B =?!! What is your prediction?! F.H. Martini 2004! 27! Osmosis 2 "Diffusion rate = P ΔC "! Diffusion rate = P ΔC! F.H. Martini 2004! 28! 14!

15 Osmotic Pressure! Osmotic pressure is the force necessary to prevent osmosis.! F.H. Martini 2004! 29! Tonicity and Effects of Osmosis on Cells! Isotonic solution = cell volume does not change! Hypotonic solution = cell swells! " "Hemolysis may occur! Hypertonic solution = cell shrinks! " "Crenation occurs! Note that these terms:! Refer to the solution (e.g. a hypotonic solution)! Describe the behavior of a cell in that solution! 30! 15!

16 !! Chapter 3, Part 1 - Cells! 3.04Q! Why will a carrot slice placed in tap water for several hours become very stiff?!!! 1. cellular materials were made filling the cell! 2. salt has left the cell due to diffusion! 3. water has entered the cell due to osmosis! 4. water has left the cell due to osmosis! Copyright 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall! 31! Active Transport! 1. Requires ATP! 2. Moves substance against concentration gradients! 3. All active transport is carrier-mediated transport (i.e. requires a carrier molecule)! Types of active transport include:! Primary active transport! Vesicular transport! 32! 16!

17 Generic Active Transport Model " Figure 3.10! 33! A Specific Example of Active Transport! Specific example = Na + /K + ATPase pump!! ATP used at the site of transport! Both Na + and K + are pumped against their concentration gradients! ü Pumps 3 Na + out of cell and 2 K + into cell! ü Net loss of cations (+) from the cell! 34! 17!

18 The Sodium Potassium ATPase Pump! [Na + ] high! [K + ] low! F.H. Martini 2004! [Na + ] low! [K + ] high! 35! Vesicular Transport is Active Transport! Endocytosis is movement into the cell! Phagocytosis (pseudopodia)! cell eating! Pinocytosis (a.k.a. bulk-phase endocytosis)! cell drinking! Exocytosis is ejection of materials from the cell! 36! 18!

19 Endocytosis Two Types " Figure 3.11a and b! Phagocytosis! Pinocytosis! 37! Exocytosis " " " " " Figure 3.12! 38! 19!

20 Cell Organelles: Little Organs! 39! The Cytoplasm! Cytoplasm = cytosol = intracellular fluid! Varies in viscosity! " "Plasmasol Plasmagel! " "(i.e. is not just water)! Contains:! " "Organelles! " "Inclusions! " "Enzymes! " "Cytoskeleton! 40! 20!

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