Manure processing in The Netherlands

Transcription

1 ReUseWaste mid-term review meeting, Wageningen, October 2013 Manure processing in The Netherlands Oene Oenema, Wageningen University The Netherlands,

2 Overview manure processing in NL Three waves : 1. Late 1960s - early 1970s: driven by sewage water treatment technology: only veal slurry processing has remained 2. Late 1980s early 1990s: driven by policy & technology Poultry manure drying and export (remained) Pig slurry processing, drying and pelleting 3. Mid 2000s -...: driven by sector & technology & policy Anaerobic digestion, pasteurization Separation, drying & incineration, Ultrafiltration & reverse osmosis

3 The Netherlands (NL) Area: 3.5 Mha Ag area 2.0 Mha 16 million people 4.0 million cattle 16 million pigs 100 million chicken World 2 nd exporter of agric. produce

4 Manure problems are regionally differentiated South and east: Dairy farming & intensive animal production Sandy soils Nitrate in groundwater Ammonia emissions North and west: Dairy farming and arable farming Clay and peat soils Eutrophication of surface waters

5 Changes in N balances in NL ( )

6 Controls of Nitrogen- en Phosphorus in agriculture Input Dairy CH 4 Output Pigs Poultry CH 4 Animal Products Feeds Roughage Concentrates Grassland Manure Manure export Maize land Fertilizers Akker Arable & tuinbouw land / Horticulture Crop Products PO 4

7 Manure production and disposal, Gg P 2 O 5 /yr 180 Phosphorus, Gg per year Manure production Application own farm Manure Surplus Manure production may not exceed 172 Gg P 2 O 5 per year

8 The manure market Animals N and P per animal Total manure production Government External room for application Area Applied on own farm Surplus amount Manure market Acceptance Limits Area Processing Limits Import Export Free riders dilemma

9 Manure disposal cost, euro per ton Cattle Pigs Poultry

10 Set-up of obligatory manure processing Feeding Animals Manure production Export Application own farm Manure surplus Application other farms Obligatory processing Hence, obligatory manure processing is export of manure phosphorus Total application in NL = < total room for application

11 Current Manure processing POULTRY MANURE PIG/CATTLE SLURRY PASTEURIZATION ANAEROBIC DIGESTION SOLID FRACTION MECHANICAL SEPARATION LIQUID FRACTION EXPORT DRYING ULTRAFILTRATION INCINERATION REVERSE OSMOSIS ASH PERMEATE CONCENTRATE DISCHARGE APPLICATION

12 Assessment of manure processing need and capacity, Gg P 2 O 5 per year 2011 Optimis tic Pessimis tic Koersvast (Farmers) Manure production Room for application Poultry processing Surplus Processing needed Current capacity New capacity -> Total capacity Missing capacity PBL-WUR, 2013

13 Concentration regions according Manure Act Regional differentiation of the fraction of the manure surplus that has to be processed East South Other Region % % mln kg mln kg South East Other Totaal Fraction will be determined each year

14 Application limits for phosphorus (P 2 O 5 /ha) Arable land Soil P status Low Neutral High Grassland Soil P status Low Neutral High

15 procent procent Relative distribution of soil P-status, % Arable Fosfaattoestand land per regio (bouwland) Zuid Oost ov NL Grassland Fosfaattoestand per regio (grasland) Zuid Oost ov NL Laag Low Neutral High Not measured Neutraal Hoog Niet opgegeven Low Neutral High Not measured Laag Neutraal Hoog Niet opgegeven

16 Conclusion Manure processing has long history Manure processing is costly (>20 euro per ton) Free riders dilemma obstructs implementation of processing Obligatory manure processing in NL from 2014 Manure processing = export of manure P Main processing techniques: Drying and incineration of poultry manure Digestion & pasteurization of pig slurry Separation of slurries and export of solid fraction