Mignis: a tool for declarative firewall configuration
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1 Mignis: a tool for declarative firewall configuration Riccardo Focardi joint work with Pedro Adão, Claudio Bozzato, Gian-Luca Dei Rossi and Flaminia L. Luccio Work partially supported by FCT projects ComFormCrypt PTDC/EIA-CCO/113033/2009 and PEst-OE/EEI/LA0008/2013, and the Italian PRIN project Security Horizons. Presented at IEEE CSF 14, Vienna, July 19 22, 2014
2 Outline 1 Introduction to Firewalls 2 Case study: The Linux Netfilter/iptables framework 3 Mignis, a new firewall specification language 4 Open-source implementation and examples 2/ 18
3 What is a Firewall? 3/ 18
4 Firewall basic operations 4/ 18
5 Firewall basic operations 4/ 18
6 Firewall basic operations 4/ 18
7 Firewall basic operations 4/ 18
8 Firewall basic operations 4/ 18
9 Netfilter Standard framework for packet filtering and address translation in Linux based on tables each containing lists of rules called chains, that are inspected in specific moments of packets life cycle If the rule matches the packet is processed as specified in the target. For example: ACCEPT, DROP, DNAT, SNAT If a rule does not match, the next rule in the chain is examined A default policy is triggered if none of the rules in the chain matches Target can also be a jump into a different chain Powerful and flexible but configurations become often complex and hard to maintain Ordering of rules (and tables) is fundamental to decide the fate of a packet 5/ 18
10 Demotivating example iptables -P INPUT DROP iptables -P FORWARD DROP iptables -P OUTPUT DROP iptables -t mangle -P PREROUTING DROP iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -s d j ACCEPT iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s d j ACCEPT iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -s /24 -j ACCEPT iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -i lo -s j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -d j DROP iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -i eth1 -d p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -j DROP iptables -A FORWARD -i eth1 -d p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -s p tcp --sport 22 -o eth1 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth1 -d p tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination :22 iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -i eth1 -d p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW -j DROP iptables -A FORWARD -i eth1 -d p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -s p tcp --sport 80 -o eth1 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth1 -d p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to-destination :80 iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o eth1 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i eth1 -o eth0 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s /24 -o eth1 -j MASQUERADE 6/ 18
11 Example: drop everything but ssh Default policy is ACCEPT We change the default policy to DROP iptables -t filter -P INPUT DROP and we only enable ssh connections: iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT It is now possible to connect to the host only via ssh 7/ 18
12 Example: drop everything but ssh Default policy is ACCEPT We change the default policy to DROP iptables -t filter -P INPUT DROP and we only enable ssh connections: iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT It is now possible to connect to the host only via ssh since rules are inspected in the order in which they appear, adding (another) similar rule but with target DROP to the end of the Input chain would not prevent ssh connections 7/ 18
13 Example: forward web-traffic to a local server All connections addressed to on port 80 are translated into on the same port. iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -d dport 80 -j DNAT --to-destination :80 8/ 18
14 Example: forward web-traffic to a local server All connections addressed to on port 80 are translated into on the same port. iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -d dport 80 -j DNAT --to-destination :80 Answers from host will be translated as coming from host in order to be accepted by the browser. 8/ 18
15 Example: forward web-traffic to a local server All connections addressed to on port 80 are translated into on the same port. iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -d dport 80 -j DNAT --to-destination :80 Answers from host will be translated as coming from host in order to be accepted by the browser. Translation is applied to all packets on the same connection. 8/ 18
16 Maintaining configurations in Netfilter Netfilter allows for alternation of DROP and ACCEPT: 1) iptables... --source N1 -j ACCEPT 2) iptables... --dport 80 -j DROP 3) iptables... --source N2 -j ACCEPT 4) iptables... --dport 22 -j DROP 5) iptables... --source N3 -j ACCEPT which allows a compact specification but... 1 where can the packets from N2 go? 2 how do we accept packets from N4 that are not addressed to port 80? 3 how do we accept packets from N5 that are not addressed to port 22? 9/ 18
17 Maintaining configurations in Netfilter Netfilter allows for alternation of DROP and ACCEPT: 1) iptables... --source N1 -j ACCEPT 2) iptables... --dport 80 -j DROP 3) iptables... --source N2 -j ACCEPT 4) iptables... --dport 22 -j DROP 5) iptables... --source N3 -j ACCEPT which allows a compact specification but... 1 where can the packets from N2 go? Context-dependent! 2 how do we accept packets from N4 that are not addressed to port 80? 3 how do we accept packets from N5 that are not addressed to port 22? 9/ 18
18 Maintaining configurations in Netfilter Netfilter allows for alternation of DROP and ACCEPT: 1) iptables... --source N1 -j ACCEPT 2) iptables... --dport 80 -j DROP 3) iptables... --source N2 -j ACCEPT 4) iptables... --dport 22 -j DROP 5) iptables... --source N3 -j ACCEPT which allows a compact specification but... 1 where can the packets from N2 go? Context-dependent! 2 how do we accept packets from N4 that are not addressed to port 80? 3 how do we accept packets from N5 that are not addressed to port 22? 1) iptables... --source N1 -j ACCEPT 2) iptables... --dport 80 -j DROP 3) iptables... --source N2 -j ACCEPT 3a)iptables... --source N4 -j ACCEPT 4) iptables... --dport 22 -j DROP 5) iptables... --source N3 -j ACCEPT 9/ 18
19 Maintaining configurations in Netfilter Netfilter allows for alternation of DROP and ACCEPT: 1) iptables... --source N1 -j ACCEPT 2) iptables... --dport 80 -j DROP 3) iptables... --source N2 -j ACCEPT 4) iptables... --dport 22 -j DROP 5) iptables... --source N3 -j ACCEPT which allows a compact specification but... 1 where can the packets from N2 go? Context-dependent! 2 how do we accept packets from N4 that are not addressed to port 80? 3 how do we accept packets from N5 that are not addressed to port 22? 1) iptables... --source N1 -j ACCEPT 1a)iptables... --source N5 --dport 22 -j DROP 1b)iptables... --source N5 -j ACCEPT 2) iptables... --dport 80 -j DROP 3) iptables... --source N2 -j ACCEPT 3a)iptables... --source N4 -j ACCEPT 4) iptables... --dport 22 -j DROP 5) iptables... --source N3 -j ACCEPT 9/ 18
20 Maintaining configurations in Netfilter In general it can be hard to maintain Netfilter configurations as they do not have a fixed structure order matters and ACCEPT and DROP are often alternating semantics depends on which table and chain a rule belongs to to drop a packet, one must be sure that the rule is placed before all the ACCEPT rules of the corresponding chain policy can be default ACCEPT or default DROP real configurations can easily have more than 1000 lines! real configurations grow over time, and are maintained by several systems administrators. 10/ 18
21 Mignis Mignis is a tool firewall specification that supports: Network Address Translation (NAT) Minimum privilege Declarative style/order of the rules is irrelevant Explicit rejects (with precedence over positive rules) Simple formal semantics 11/ 18
22 Mignis rules Drop: n 1 / n 2 φ 12/ 18
23 Mignis rules Drop: n 1 / n 2 φ Accept: n 1 > n 2 φ 12/ 18
24 Mignis rules Drop: n 1 / n 2 φ Accept: n 1 > n 2 φ Dnat: n 1 > [n 2 ] n t φ 12/ 18
25 Mignis rules Drop: n 1 / n 2 φ Accept: n 1 > n 2 φ Dnat: n 1 > [n 2 ] n t φ Snat: n 1 [n t ] > n 2 φ 12/ 18
26 Mignis rules Drop: n 1 / n 2 φ Accept: n 1 > n 2 φ Dnat: n 1 > [n 2 ] n t φ Snat: n 1 [n t ] > n 2 φ Packets on established connections not explicitly forbidden go through 12/ 18
27 ssh example revisited Mignis rule * > local:22 tcp corresponds to iptables -t filter -P INPUT DROP iptables -t filter -P OUTPUT DROP iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT iptables -t filter -A OUTPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT 13/ 18
28 ssh example revisited Mignis rule * > local:22 tcp corresponds to iptables -t filter -P INPUT DROP iptables -t filter -P OUTPUT DROP iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT iptables -t filter -A OUTPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT DNAT rules such as iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -i eth0 -d dport 80 -j DNAT --to-destination :80 are easily expressed in Mignis as * > [ :80] :80 tcp 13/ 18
29 Maintaining configurations in our abstract language Recall the Netfilter example 1) iptables... --source N1 -j ACCEPT 2) iptables... --dport 80 -j DROP 3) iptables... --source N2 -j ACCEPT 4) iptables... --dport 22 -j DROP 5) iptables... --source N3 -j ACCEPT 14/ 18
30 Maintaining configurations in our abstract language Recall the Netfilter example 1) iptables... --source N1 -j ACCEPT 2) iptables... --dport 80 -j DROP 3) iptables... --source N2 -j ACCEPT 4) iptables... --dport 22 -j DROP 5) iptables... --source N3 -j ACCEPT in Mignis it is written as N1 > * N2 > *:*\80 N3 > *:*\(80,22) 1 where can the packets from N2 go? 2 how do we accept packets from N4 that are not addressed to port 80? 3 how do we accept packets from N5 that are not addressed to port 22? 14/ 18
31 Maintaining configurations in our abstract language Recall the Netfilter example 1) iptables... --source N1 -j ACCEPT 2) iptables... --dport 80 -j DROP 3) iptables... --source N2 -j ACCEPT 4) iptables... --dport 22 -j DROP 5) iptables... --source N3 -j ACCEPT in Mignis it is written as N1 > * N2 > *:*\80 N3 > *:*\(80,22) 1 where can the packets from N2 go? Immediate! Context-independent. 2 how do we accept packets from N4 that are not addressed to port 80? 3 how do we accept packets from N5 that are not addressed to port 22? 14/ 18
32 Maintaining configurations in our abstract language Recall the Netfilter example 1) iptables... --source N1 -j ACCEPT 2) iptables... --dport 80 -j DROP 3) iptables... --source N2 -j ACCEPT 4) iptables... --dport 22 -j DROP 5) iptables... --source N3 -j ACCEPT in Mignis it is written as N1 > * N2 > *:*\80 N3 > *:*\(80,22) 1 where can the packets from N2 go? Immediate! Context-independent. 2 how do we accept packets from N4 that are not addressed to port 80? 3 how do we accept packets from N5 that are not addressed to port 22? N1 > * N2 > *:*\80 N3 > *:*\(80,22) N4 > *:*\80 N5 > *:*\22 14/ 18
33 The Mignis tool Mignis is written in Python and is about 1500 lines of code 1 Translates a firewall specification into real iptables. Translation has been proved correct on a formal model 2 Looks for overlaps and inconsistencies 3 Adds default router rules to initiate external connections, receive pings, and broadcast traffic which are usually considered safe 4 Adds rules that guarantee that each IP address will originate only from its assigned interface 5 Adds log rules In use since January 2014 at the CS Department in Venice! Available at 15/ 18
34 The demotivating example... iptables -P INPUT DROP iptables -P FORWARD DROP iptables -P OUTPUT DROP iptables -t mangle -P PREROUTING DROP iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -s d j ACCEPT iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s d j ACCEPT iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -s /24 -j ACCEPT iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -i lo -s j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -d j DROP iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -i eth1 -d p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -j DROP iptables -A FORWARD -i eth1 -d p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -s p tcp --sport 22 -o eth1 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth1 -d p tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination :22 iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -i eth1 -d p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW -j DROP iptables -A FORWARD -i eth1 -d p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -s p tcp --sport 80 -o eth1 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth1 -d p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to-destination :80 iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o eth1 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i eth1 -o eth0 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s /24 -o eth1 -j MASQUERADE 16/ 18
35 ... and its Mignis counterpart INTERFACES lan eth /24 ext eth /0 ALIASES mypc router_ip malicious_host FIREWALL lan [.] > ext ext > [router_ip:80] mypc:80 ext > [router_ip:22] mypc:22 lan / malicious_host tcp tcp 17/ 18
36 ... and its Mignis counterpart INTERFACES lan eth /24 ext eth /0 ALIASES mypc router_ip malicious_host FIREWALL lan [.] > ext ext > [router_ip:80] mypc:80 ext > [router_ip:22] mypc:22 lan / malicious_host tcp tcp Which one do you prefer? ;) 17/ 18
37 Conclusion and future work First tool for firewall configuration with 1 Support for NAT 2 Both ACCEPT and DROP rules 3 Declarative style 4 Explicit rejects 5 proof of correctness Good compromise between expressiveness and simplicity, confirmed by the real case-study Declarative spec that can be queried to show the configuration of specific hosts: found very useful by our admins! We are extending Mignis to networks with more than one firewall and information-flow style specifications We intend to compile Mignis to other firewall systems 18/ 18
38 Selected references Uncomplicated firewall F. Cuppens, N. Cuppens-Boulahia, T. Sans, and A. Miège. A formal approach to specify and deploy a network security policy. In Formal Aspects in Security and Trust (FAST 04), pages , Joshua D. Guttman, Amy L. Herzog. Rigorous automated network security management. Int. Journal Information Secururity (2005) 4: A. Jeffrey and T. Samak. Model checking firewall policy configurations. In Proc. of the 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Policies for Distributed Systems and Networks (POLICY 09), pages IEEE Computer Society, R. M. Marmorstein. Formal Analysis of Firewall Policies. PhD thesis, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, May S. Pozo, R. Ceballos, and R. M. Gasca. Afpl, an abstract language model for firewall acls. In Proc. of the international conference on Computational Science and Its Applications, Part II, ICCSA 08, pages Springer-Verlag, / 18
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