Q1. (a) Describe how water is moved through a plant according to the cohesion-tension hypothesis (4)

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1 Q. (a) Describe how water is moved through a plant according to the cohesion-tension hypothesis (4) (b) The mass of water lost from a plant was investigated. The same plant was used in every treatment and the plant was subjected to identical environmental conditions. In some treatments, the leaves were coated with a type of grease. This grease provides a waterproof barrier. The results of the investigation are given in the table. Treatment Mass lost in 5 days / g No grease applied 0.0 Grease applied only to the upper surface of every leaf Grease applied to both surfaces of every leaf (i) What is the advantage of using the same plant in every treatment? Why was it important to keep the environmental conditions constant? (iii) What is the evidence that the grease provides a waterproof barrier? Page of 29

2 (c) (i) Calculate the mass of water lost in 5 days through the upper surface of the leaves. Answer... Use your knowledge of leaf structure to explain why less water is lost through the upper surface of leaves than is lost through the lower surface. (Total 0 marks) Q2. (a) The apoplast pathway is one of the routes followed by water from a root hair, through the cortex, to the endodermis of the root. (i) What is meant by the apoplast pathway? Explain how the structure of the endodermis affects the passage of water by this pathway. (3) Page 2 of 29

3 (b) The diameter of a branch of a tree and the rate of flow of water through the branch were measured over a 24-hour period. The results are shown in the graph. Using your knowledge of cohesion-tension theory (i) describe and explain the changes in rate of flow of water in the branch over the 24 hour period; (3) explain why the diameter of the branch decreased during the first 2 hours. Page 3 of 29

4 (c) A stem was cut from a transpiring plant. The cut end of the stem was put into a solution of picric acid, which kills plant cells. The transpiration stream continued. Suggest an explanation for this observation (Total 0 marks) Q3. (a) Explain how water enters xylem from the endodermis in the root and is then transported to the leaves. (6) Large insects contract muscles associated with the abdomen to force air in and out of the spiracles. This is known as abdominal pumping. The table shows the mean rate of abdominal pumping of an insect before and during flight. Stage of flight Mean rate of abdominal pumping / dm 3 of air kg hour Before 42 During 86 (b) Calculate the percentage increase in the rate of abdominal pumping before and during flight. Show your working. Answer... % Page 4 of 29

5 (c) Abdominal pumping increases the efficiency of gas exchange between the tracheoles and muscle tissue of the insect. Explain why (d) Abdominal pumping is an adaptation not found in many small insects. These small insects obtain sufficient oxygen by diffusion. Explain how their small size enables gas exchange to be efficient without the need for abdominal pumping Page 5 of 29

6 The graph shows the concentration of oxygen inside the tracheoles of an insect when at rest. It also shows when the spiracles are fully open. (e) Use the graph to calculate the frequency of spiracle opening. Show your working. Frequency... times per minute (f) The insect opens its spiracles at a lower frequency in very dry conditions. Suggest one advantage of this Page 6 of 29

7 (g) The ends of tracheoles connect directly with the insect s muscle tissue and are filled with water. When flying, water is absorbed into the muscle tissue. Removal of water from the tracheoles increases the rate of diffusion of oxygen between the tracheoles and muscle tissue. Suggest one reason why (Total 5 marks) Q4. (a) Explain how each of the following is related to the function of xylem tissue. (i) Xylem tissue contains hollow tubes. Lignin is present in xylem cell walls. (b) In an investigation the total area of the stomatal openings and the rate of flow of water through xylem were measured in a plant over a period of 24 hours. The results are shown in the graph. (i) Describe the relationship between the rate of flow of water and the total area of the stomatal openings for the period of time between midday and midnight. Page 7 of 29

8 Between 8 am and midday the rate of flow of water continues to rise although the total area of the stomatal openings remains constant. Explain why the rate of flow of water rises. (iii) How would the curve showing the total area of the stomatal openings differ if the investigation was repeated on a dull day? (c) Some xerophytic plants have sunken stomata. Explain the advantage of this adaptation (Total 7 marks) Page 8 of 29

9 Q5. The diagram shows part of a leaf. The arrows show one pathway taken by water through the leaf and into the atmosphere. (a) (i) Name the pathway shown. Describe and explain how water in the mesophyll cells passes out of the leaf. (3) Page 9 of 29

10 (b) Explain how two adaptations of their leaves reduce water loss from xerophytes. Adaptation... Explanation Adaptation... Explanation (Total 6 marks) Page 0 of 29

11 Q6. (a) Scientists measured the rate of water flow and the pressure in the xylem in a small branch. Their results are shown in the graph. (i) Use your knowledge of transpiration to explain the changes in the rate of flow in the xylem shown in the graph (Extra space) (3) Explain why the values for the pressure in the xylem are negative Page of 29

12 (b) Doctors measured the thickness of the walls of three blood vessels in a large group of people. Their results are given in the table. Name of vessel Mean wall thickness /mm (± standard deviation) Aorta 5.7 ±.2 Pulmonary artery.0 ± 0.2 Pulmonary vein 0.5 ± 0.2 (i) Explain the difference in thickness between the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary vein The thickness of the aorta wall changes all the time during each cardiac cycle. Explain why (Extra space) (3) (iii) Which of the three blood vessels shows the greatest variation in wall thickness? Explain your answer Page 2 of 29

13 (c) Describe how tissue fluid is formed and how it is returned to the circulatory system (Extra space) (6) (Total 5 marks) Page 3 of 29

14 Q7. (a) Root pressure moves water through the xylem. Describe what causes root pressure (Extra space) (3) (b) A biologist investigated the rate of water movement during the day in different parts of a tree. The results are shown in the graph. (i) Describe how the rate of water movement in the upper branches changed over the period shown in the graph Page 4 of 29

15 The rate of water movement in the upper branches was different from the rate of water movement in the trunk. Describe how (iii) The results of this investigation support the cohesion tension theory. Explain how (Total 9 marks) Q8. Two theories have been put forward to explain the upward movement of water in the xylem in a tree. the cohesion-tension theory the root pressure theory (a) Describe one piece of evidence that supports the root pressure theory and explain how it supports this theory. Evidence Explanation (b) The diameter of a tree is less during the day, when the tree is transpiring, than it is at night. Explain how this (i) supports the cohesion-tension theory; Page 5 of 29

16 does not support the root pressure theory. (3) (Total 5 marks) Q9. (a) Explain how water enters a plant root from the soil and travels through to the endodermis (5) (b) From the root, water is transported upwards through the stem. Explain how evaporation from the leaves can cause the water to move upwards (4) Page 6 of 29

17 S (c) In daylight, most of the water evaporates from the leaves but some is used by the plant. Describe the ways in which this water could be used by the plant (6) (Total 5 marks) Q0. (a) Figure shows a section through the root of a young plant. Figure (i) Name the part of the plant labelled R. Page 7 of 29

18 Give the letter which labels a tissue that transports solutes from the leaves. Answer... (iii) Give the letter which labels a tissue that prevents the movement of water through the apoplast pathway. Answer... (b) Figure 2 shows a single stoma and surrounding cells from the leaf of a xerophytic plant. Figure 2 (i) Explain how the cuticle reduces water loss. Page 8 of 29

19 Explain how one of the other labelled parts reduces water loss. (Total 6 marks) Q. The volumes of water absorbed by the roots of a plant and lost by transpiration were measured over periods of 4 hours during one day. The bar chart shows the results. (a) (i) Describe the changes in the volumes of water absorbed and transpired between midnight and 600. Page 9 of 29

20 Explain these changes in the volumes. (b) Use your knowledge of the cohesion-tension theory to explain how water in the xylem in the roots moves up the stem (4) (Total 8 marks) Page 20 of 29

21 M. (a). water evaporates/transpires from leaves; 2. reduces water potential in cell /water potential/osmotic gradient across cells (ignore reference to air space); 3. water is drawn out of xylem; 4. creates tension (accept negative pressure, not reduced pressure); 5. cohesive forces between water molecules; 6. water pulled up as a column; (b) (i) same surface area of leaf / number of leaves / age/thickness of cuticle; 4 max (iii) (environmental conditions) affect rate of transpiration/evaporation; presence of grease reduces water loss; (c) (i).2 /.3g; more stomata on the lower surface; (thicker) waxy cuticle on the upper surface; 2 [0] M2. (a) (i) movement (of water) through cell walls / intercellular spaces; Casparian bands; accept ref to suberin which are impermeable/waterproof; lower water potential in the cytoplasm of endodermis cell; enters symplastic pathway / cytoplasm of cell; by osmosis; (b) (i) rate of flow increases to max at 200 and then decreases; increasing transpiration/evaporation from leaves; transpiration creates tension / increases transpirational pull; water molecules are cohesive/stick together; produces a water column; 3 max 3 max (increase transpiration) produce a higher tension / reduces the pressure in the xylem reducing the diameter; adhesive forces between xylem and water; max Page 2 of 29

22 (c) water moves in dead cells / xylem is non-living tissue; the process is passive / no energy is needed; 2 [0] M3. (a) (In the root). Casparian strip blocks apoplast pathway / only allows symplast pathway; Assume all points are in the correct location unless context suggests otherwise 2. Active transport by endodermis; 3. (Of) ions / salts into xylem; 4. Lower water potential in xylem / water enters xylem by osmosis / down a water potential gradient 4. Q Neutral: along a water potential gradient (Xylem to leaf) 5. Evaporation / transpiration (from leaves); Transpiration pull = 2 marks(5. & 6.) 6. (Creates) cohesion / tension / H-bonding between water molecules / negative pressure; 6. Accept pulling 6. Q Neutral: suction 7. Adhesion / water molecules bind to xylem; 8. (Creates continuous) water column; 6 max (b) Correct answer of = 2 marks;; Credit incorrect answers that show the numerator as 44 (or 86-42) or denominator as 42 for mark; 2 (c). More air / oxygen enters / air / oxygen enters quickly / quicker;. Accept: converse for carbon dioxide. Can be in any correct context eg insect, tracheoles, muscle. Neutral: air/oxygen enters (d) (So) maintains / greater diffusion or concentration gradient; Large(r) SA:VOL / short(er) diffusion distance (to tissues); Accept: thin diffusion pathway 2 Page 22 of 29

23 (e) 6 / 6.6 / 6.7 / 7 / 7.5 / 8 = 2 marks;; Different answers given for different interpretations of the graph (f) Award mark for incorrect answers that have divided 60 by any number; Less / no water lost / (more) water retained; Accept: less dehydration / less evaporation Q Reject: less transpiration Q Reject: less water lost by osmosis 2 (g). Greater surface area exposed to air; Neutral: shorter diffusion distance 2. Gases move / diffuse faster in air than through water; 2. Q Neutral: harder to diffuse 2. Accept gases diffuse directly, rather than through water 3. Increases volume / amount of air; max [5] M4. (a) (i) unrestricted/free/quick/easy water flow/continuous column / maintains transpiration stream; resists tension in water (column) / provides support/strength / maintains column of water/adhesion / prevents water loss (allow waterproofing in correct context i.e. not absorbing); (b) (i) as total area of stomata decreases the rate of water flow decreases / decrease is proportional; (reject proportional, as one goes up the other goes up and same shape ) (iii) increasing/higher temperature causes increasing/higher rate of evaporation/transpiration; (not water loss) lower plateau (start and finish at same point); (allow if curve sketched on original graph, reject curve is lower ) (c) conserves water / reduces water loss / reduces transpiration / reduces evaporation; high humidity (in pit) / reduced water potential gradient / less water blown away / increased diffusion pathway; 2 [7] Page 23 of 29

24 M5. (a) (i) apoplast; (pathway from cells) along cell walls / through spaces and out through stoma(ta); by diffusion (disqualify if osmosis mentioned); down a WP/diffusion/concentration gradient; 3 (b) two suitable adaptations plus explanation, e.g. sunken stomata, reduce air movement/diffusion gradient; rolled leaves, reduce surface area (for evaporation) / enclose still air around stomata; waxy cuticle, reduce (cuticular) evaporation / impermeable to water; (reject waterproof) few stomata, to reduce SA for diffusion; small leaves, reduce SA for diffusion; 2 [6] M6. (a) (i). Stomata open; Allow converse 2. Transpiration highest around mid-day; 3. Middle of day warmer / lighter; 3. Allow Sun is at its hottest 4. (Increased) tension / water potential gradient; Ignore pull, suck 5. Cohesion (between water molecules); Reject increased cohesion in the context of cohesion tension 3 max (Inside xylem) lower than atmospheric pressure / (water is under) tension; Accept cohesion tension. Ignore vacuum (b) (i) High pressure / smoothes out blood flow / artery wall contains more collagen / muscle / elastic (fibres) / connective tissue; Accept converse for pulmonary vein Incorrect function of artery disqualifies mark Page 24 of 29

25 . (Aorta wall) stretches;. Allow expand 2. Because ventricle / heart contracts / systole / pressure increases; 2. Reject if MP wrong 3. (Aorta wall) recoils; 3. Allow spring back 4. Because ventricle relaxes / heart relaxes / diastole / pressure falls; Reject any reference to contract / relax in MP and 3 (iii) 5. Maintain smooth flow / pressure; 4. Reject if MP3 wrong Aorta.2 / largest SD; Allow pulmonary vein provided candidate relates standard deviation to mean 3 max (c) Formation. High blood / hydrostatic pressure / pressure filtration; 2. Forces water / fluid out; 2. Reject plasma, ignore tissue 3. Large proteins remain in capillary; Return 4. Low water potential in capillary / blood; 5. Due to (plasma) proteins; 6. Water enters capillary / blood; 7. (By) osmosis; 7. Osmosis must be in correct context 8. Correct reference to lymph; 6 max [5] M7. (a). Active transport by endodermis; 2. ions / salts into xylem; 3. Lowers water potential (in xylem); 4. (Water enters) by osmosis; 4. Allow mark point 4 in any context of water movement in the root e.g. into root hair. 3 max Page 25 of 29

26 (b) (i). Increases then decreases; Allow peak / maximum at any time between or ; 2. Peak / maximum at 3.00 / 4.00 (hours) / ; 2. Maximum / overall rate is higher (in branches); Allow converse for all marking points. 2. Reaches maximum / peak earlier (in the day) (in branches); 3. Starts higher / ends lower (in branches) 2 (iii). Movement starts / peaks earlier in branches / higher up; 2. Creates tension / negative pressure / pull 2 [9] M8. (a) Suitable accepted evidence, mark for evidence and mark for explanation EITHER e.g.guttation (only) upward pressure could force liquid water out of leaves; OR Sap exuding from a cut, rooted stem; (only) upward force could make this happen; 2 (b) (Note: max. two for any component) (i) Evaporation from leaves during daytime only/mainly; tension/negative pressure (on water) in xylem creates inward pull (on walls of xylem vessel); xylem vessels become narrower; due to adhesion of water molecules (to walls of xylem vessels); root pressure gives outward force/push on walls of xylem vessels; tree would become wider/stay same diameter; xylem vessels become wider/stay same diameter; max 3 [5] M9. (a) water enters root hair cells; by osmosis; because active uptake of mineral ions has created a WP gradient; water moves through the cortex; (by osmosis) down a WP gradient; through cell vacuoles and cytoplasms / symplastic pathway; through cell walls / apoplastic pathway; max 5 Page 26 of 29

27 (b) WP in leaf cells decreases / becomes more negative; therefore water moves out of xylem (into surrounding tissues) by osmosis; this creates a pull/tension on the water in xylem; which is in a continuous column / water molecules cohere; cohesion due to H bonding; column doesn t break because of adhesion with xylem walls; max 4 (c) (water is used in) the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis; electrons from water enable ATP production / H + are used to reduce NADP / produces O 2 ; (water can be used in) hydrolysis reactions within the plant; to create turgor; as a solvent for transport; as a medium for chemical reactions; component of cells / cytoplasm; 6 [5] M0. (a) (i) Endodermis(reject pericycle / suberin); (accept endodermis and / containing Casparian strip) S; (iii) R; (b) (i) (waxy so) impermeable to water/waterproof/stops water passing through; reference to hairs / position of stomata (sunken stomata / stomata in pits ) LINKED to reduced air movement / trap layer of air / trap water vapour (reject water) / maintains humidity; reduces diffusion gradient / concentration gradient of water / water potential gradient; OR stoma can close; reduces area for evaporation or transpiration; 2 [6] Page 27 of 29

28 M. (a) (i) absorption rate stays level (initially) then rises; transpiration rate rises regularly / transpiration increases at a faster rate than absorption; (principle that both increase max awarded) 2 increased stomatal aperture/light/temperature(increases transpiration rate); decreases water potential in root / increased uptake by osmosis; 2 (b) water evaporates/transpires; reduces water potential / creates water potential gradient / increases osmotic gradient / moves via apoplast pathway; water drawn out of xylem; creates tension/pulling effect / creates negative pressure (in context); cohesive forces or H bonding between water molecules / water moves as a column; (accept continuous stream) 4 max [8] Page 28 of 29

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