Chemistry Chapter 7. Chemical Formulas and Chemical Compounds
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1 Chemistry Chapter 7 Chemical Formulas and Chemical Compounds Heart cell rhythm depends on the opening and closing of a complex series of valves on the cell membrane, called ion channels. Some valves let certain ions ike potassium (K+) flow out, others let different ions like sodium (Na+) flow in. There are also pumps that actively move ions one direction or another.
2 Ions Cation: : A positive ion Mg 2+, NH + 4 Anion: : A negative ion Cl, SO 2 4 Ionic Bonding: : Force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
3 Predicting Ionic Charges Group 1: 1 Lose 1 electron to form 1+ ions H + Li + Na + K +
4 Predicting Ionic Charges Group 2: 2 Loses 2 electrons to form 2+ ions Be Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Sr2+ Ba 2+
5 Predicting Ionic Charges B3+ Al 3+ Ga 3+ Group 13: Loses 3 electrons to form 3+ ions
6 Predicting Ionic Charges Neither! Group 13 elements rarely form ions. Group 14: Lose 4 electrons or gain 4 electrons?
7 Predicting Ionic Charges N 3- P 3- As 3- Nitride Phosphide Arsenide Group 15: Gains 3 electrons to form 3- ions
8 Predicting Ionic Charges O 2- S 2- Se 2- Oxide Sulfide Selenide Group 16: Gains 2 electrons to form 2- ions
9 F 1- Cl 1- Cl Fluoride Chloride Predicting Ionic Charges Br 1- Bromide I 1- Iodide Group 17: Gains 1 electron to form 1- ions
10 Predicting Ionic Charges Group 18: Stable Noble gases do not form ions!
11 Predicting Ionic Charges Groups 3-12: Many transition elements have more than one possible oxidation state. Iron(II) = Fe 2+ Iron(III) = Fe 3+
12 Predicting Ionic Charges Groups 3-12: Some transition elements have only one possible oxidation state. Zinc = Zn 2+ Silver = Ag +
13 Writing Ionic Compound Formulas Example: Barium nitrate 1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges are balanced. Ba NO - 3 ( ) 2 3. Balance charges, if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion. Not balanced!
14 Writing Ionic Compound Formulas Example: Ammonium sulfate 1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges are balanced. ( NH + ) 4 SO 2 SO Balance charges, if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion. Not balanced!
15 Writing Ionic Compound Formulas Example: Iron(III) chloride 1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges are balanced. 3. Balance charges, if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion. Fe 3+ Cl - 3 Not balanced!
16 Writing Ionic Compound Formulas Example: Aluminum sulfide 1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges are balanced. 3. Balance charges, if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion. Al 3+ S 2- Al 2 3 Not balanced!
17 Writing Ionic Compound Formulas Example: Magnesium carbonate 1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges are balanced. Mg 2+ CO 2-3 They are balanced!
18 Writing Ionic Compound Formulas Example: Zinc hydroxide 1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges are balanced. Zn OH ( OH - ) 2 3. Balance charges, if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion. Not balanced!
19 Writing Ionic Compound Formulas Example: Aluminum phosphate 1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges are balanced. Al 3+ PO 3-4 They ARE balanced!
20 Naming Ionic Compounds 1. Cation first, then anion 2. Monatomic cation = name of the element Ca 2+ = calcium ion 3. Monatomic anion = root + -ide CaCl 2 Cl = chloride = calcium chloride
21 - Naming Ionic Compounds (continued) Metals with multiple oxidation states some metal forms more than one cation - use Roman numeral in name PbCl 2 Pb 2+ is cation PbCl 2 = lead(ii II) ) chloride
22 Naming Binary Compounds - Compounds between two nonmetals - First element in the formula is named first. - Second element is named as if it were an anion. - Use prefixes - Only use mono on second element - P 2 O 5 = CO 2 = CO = N 2 O = diphosphorus pentoxide carbon dioxide carbon monoxide oxide dinitrogen monoxide oxide
23 Calculating Formula Mass Calculate the formula mass of magnesium carbonate, MgCO g g + 3(16.00 g) = g
24 Calculating Percentage Composition Calculate the percentage composition of magnesium carbonate, MgCO 3. From previous slide: g g + 3(16.00 g) = g Mg % C % O %
25 Formulas Empirical formula: the lowest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound. Molecular formula: the true number of atoms of each element in the formula of a compound. molecular formula = (empirical formula) n [n = integer] molecular formula = C 6 H 6 empirical formula = CH = (CH) 6
26 Formulas (continued) Formulas for ionic compounds are ALWAYS empirical (lowest whole number ratio). Examples: NaCl MgCl 2 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 K 2 CO 3
27 Formulas (continued) Formulas for molecular compounds MIGHT be empirical (lowest whole number ratio). Molecular: H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 C 12 H 22 O 11 Empirical: H 2 O CH 2 O C 12 H 22 O 11
28 Empirical Formula Determination 1. Base calculation on 100 grams of compound. 2. Determine moles of each element in 100 grams of compound. 3. Divide each value of moles by the smallest of the values. 4. Multiply each number by an integer to obtain all whole numbers.
29 Empirical Formula Determination Adipic acid contains 49.32% C, 43.84% O, and 6.85% H by mass. What is the empirical formula of adipic acid? g C 1 mol C g C 6.85 g H 1 mol H 1.01 g H g O 1 mol O g O mol C mol H mol O
30 Empirical Formula Determination (part 2) Divide each value of moles by the smallest of the values. Carbon: Hydrogen: Oxygen: mol C mol O 6.78 mol H mol O mol O 1.00 mol O
31 Empirical Formula Determination (part 3) Multiply each number by an integer to obtain all whole numbers. Carbon: 1.50 Hydrogen: 2.50 Oxygen: 1.00 x 2 x 2 x Empirical formula: C 3 H 5 O 2
32 Finding the Molecular Formula The empirical formula for adipic acid is C 3 H 5 O 2. The molecular mass of adipic acid is 146 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of adipic acid? 1. Find the formula mass of C 3 H 5 O 2 3(12.01 g) + 5(1.01) + 2(16.00) = g
33 Finding the Molecular Formula The empirical formula for adipic acid is C 3 H 5 O 2. The molecular mass of adipic acid is 146 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of adipic acid? 2. Divide the molecular mass by the mass given by the emipirical formula. 3(12.01 g) + 5(1.01) + 2(16.00) = g
34 Finding the Molecular Formula The empirical formula for adipic acid is C 3 H 5 O 2. The molecular mass of adipic acid is 146 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of adipic acid? 3. Multiply the empirical formula by this number to get the molecular formula. 3(12.01 g) + 5(1.01) + 2(16.00) = g (C 3 H 5 O 2 ) x 2 = C 6 H10O 4
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