Ethernet Basics. Ethernet Basics. based on Chapter 4 of CompTIA Network+ Exam Guide, 4 th ed., Mike Meyers
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1 Ethernet Basics based on Chapter 4 of CompTIA Network+ Exam Guide, 4 th ed., Mike Meyers Ethernet Basics History Ethernet Frames CSMA/CD Obsolete versions 10Mbps versions Segments Spanning Tree Protocol 1
2 Ethernet Early History 1970: ALOHAnet, first wireless packet-switched network - Norman Abramson, Univ. of Hawaii - Basis for Ethernet s CSMA/CD protocol : first external network connected to ARPANET 1973: Ethernet prototype developed at Xerox PARC - (Palo Alto Research Center) Mbps initially 1976: "Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks" published in Communications of the ACM. - Bob Metcalfe and David Boggs - sometimes considered the beginning of Ethernet Ethernet goes Mainstream 1979: DEC, Intel, Xerox collaborate on a commercial Ethernet specification - Ethernet II, a.k.a. DIX Ethernet - (Digital Equipment Corporation) 1983: IEEE specification formally approved - Differs from Ethernet II in the interpretation of the third header field 1987: alternatives to coaxial cables - IEEE 802.3d: FOIRL, Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link - IEEE 802.3e: 1 Mbps over Twisted Pair wires (whoopee!) 1990: Twisted-Pair wiring takes over - IEEE 802.3i: 10 Mbps over Twisted-Pair 10Base-TX, 10Base-T4 2
3 the Future is Now (next chapter) (and Now is so Yesteryear ) 1995 Now: speed and cabling improvements 1995: 100Mbps varieties 1999: 1Gbps on twisted-pair : 10Gbps on optical fiber and UTP 2010: 40Gbps, 100Gbps (802.3ba) - optical fiber or twinaxial cable - point-to-point physical topology; for backbones 2016, September: 2.5GBase-T, 5GBase-T? - who knows? What Is Ethernet? Protocols, standards for Local Area Networks» Ethernet II, IEEE Specifies Physical-layer components - Cabling, signaling properties, etc. - Numerous variations Specifies Datalink-layer protocols - Media Access Control (MAC) lower Datalink sublayer, interfaces to the Physical layer» IEEE Logical Link Control (LLC) upper Datalink sublayer, common interface to the Network layer» IEEE
4 Ethernet (802.3) relation to OSI The Early Variations 4
5 Ethernet and Cabling the Coaxial Era 10Base5 (standard IEEE 802.3, 1983) 10Base2 (standard IEEE 802.3a, 1985) Physical bus topology required a logical bus topology CSMA/CD protocol used in the Collision Domain 10Base5 1983: IEEE The original form Thick coax cable - RG-8/U or RG-11 specified - half-inch diameter Vampire tap connection punctures insulation to make electrical connections 10Base5 : - 10 Mbps - Baseband signaling meters maximum length 5
6 10Base2 1985: IEEE 802.3a - Physical update for cheaper cabling Thin coax cable - RG-58a/u - 5mm diameter - electrically compatible with thick coax BNC connectors allow easy disconnection, reconnection 10Base2 : - 10 Mbps - Baseband signaling meters maximum length (actually 185m) Out of the Coaxial Era - Twisted Pair takes over 10Base-T (IEEE 802.3i, 1990) - Twisted-Pair cables» Cheaper, easier to use than coax - 100m maximum length 100Base-T (IEEE 802.3u, 1995) - Fast Ethernet - 100Base-T4: Cat3, 4 pairs used - 100Base-TX: Cat5, 2 pairs used Full Duplex (IEEE 802.3x, 1997) - Applies to 100BaseT and later Physical star, but Ethernet is still a bus-oriented protocol 6
7 Ethernet on Optical Fiber Alternate, longer-distance media extend Ethernet's reach 10Base-FL (IEEE 802.3j, 1993) - 10Mbps, multimode optical fiber m maximum length - Not common 100Base-FX (IEEE 802.3u, 1995) - Fast Ethernet - 100Base-FX: multimode optical fiber Point-to-point physical topology Specialized Media Twinax - heavily shielded cable - used for short, highspeed applications Backplane - intra-chassis connections - high speed 40 Gbps 7
8 Common to All Variations Frame format, Behavior the Ethernet frame format Preamble: Dest. MAC 6 octets Src. MAC 6 octets Type / length 2 octets Payload octets Padding? octets FCS 4 octets IFG: 96 bittimes Ethernet II header contains: - 6 octets: destination MAC address - 6 octets: source MAC address - 2 octets: payload-type field differs in the third field: - payload length instead of type octets: Payload, supplied by a higher protocol layer - Could be could be layer octets: Padding w/ 0-bytes to insure minimum frame length 4 octets: Ethernet footer contains FCS (Frame Check Sequence) - a CRC checksum Physical frame starts with an 8-octet preamble consisting of Mbs versions only Maximum frame length is 1518 octets - including the FCS - excluding the preamble Minimum length is 64 octets - assures collision detection Physical frame is followed by an IFG, InterFrame Gap - no signal transitions - 96 bit-times in duration 8
9 Ethernet Addresses Also called MAC addresses, hardware or physical addresses, or Layer 2 addresses 6 octets long - an octet refers to a byte and is used in networking First three octets refer to the manufacturer or vendor Last three octets must be unique within a mfr/vendor Written as 6 pairs of hexadecimal digits - separated by colon or dash Examples: - 00:1a:6b:4e:3f:1b» Linux - 40-A8-F0-A2-DD-CE» Windows Broadcast address: ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff - As a destination, this means send to all available nodes wireshark activity start wireshark Display filter eth.type - Any types other than 0x0800? - What layer-3 protocol(s)? Display filter: eth.len - Observe layer-2 protocol(s) - What payload(s)? Display filter: eth.addr==<your MAC address> - What traffic is coming from, going to your machine? 9
10 Ethernet II versus with left: an Ethernet II frame specifies a type, and leaves the next layer to find the data s end - all types are values greater than 1500 (0x0600)» viz., IP is type 0x0800 right: an frame specifies the payload length, and includes headers - length is always 1500 or less Ethernet II type > length < 1500 Ethernet II frame 10
11 802.3 frame, with headers This frame shows and headers. This also shows the FCS (checksum) field, which Wireshark thinks is incorrect. So, how does the NIC determine where a frame ends? Ethernet II frame doesn t specify its overall length 10Base5, 10Base2 standards: - NIC detects end of signal - absence of current 10Base-T: - NIC listens for a special TP_IDL signal on the wire, followed by InterFrame Gap 100Base-T, GigE, 10GigE: - 4B/5B encoded start-of-frame signals and end-offrame signals replace preamble and TP_IDL 11
12 10BaseT: The FCS and TP_IDL signal CSMA / CD Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection Multiple Access: more than one node can transmit on the shared medium Carrier-Sense: a NIC that wants to transmit must first listen for an active transmission - if it doesn t hear an idle carrier signal it backs off and waits before trying again Collision Detection: if a NIC hears interference while it is transmitting, it knows that a collision with another transmission has occurred Colliding nodes attempt to re-transmit using an Exponential Backoff approach 12
13 Collisions and Exponential Backoff When a NIC detects a collision, it: - transmits at least 64 bytes, then stops - waits a fixed amount of time - repeats the CSMA/CD attempt If a second collision occurs, it waits twice as long If a third collision, wait twice as long again This gives exponentially-increasing wait times - After 10 collisions the wait remains constant - After 16 collisions, the attempt is abandoned What Exponential Backoff looks like X-axis: number of collisions Y-axis: relative waiting time 13
14 Segments and Collision Domains All the nodes sharing a cable form a segment The segment defines a collision domain - Frames on a segment can collide with each other These two segments form separate collision domains Extended Collision Domains A repeater, such as this one, connects two segments into a single collision domain - Frames on either segment can collide with others. Hubs (a.k.a. multi-port repeaters) do the same thing, with multiple segments Switches don't they keep collision domains separate 14
15 (other definitions of segment ) "Segment" may have other meanings Related meanings in Ethernet: - "Segment" and "Collision Domain" are sometimes used interchangeably. - A "Segment" can refer to a "Broadcast Domain". Unrelated meanings in the TCP/IP world: - "Segment" refers to a "protocol data unit" at the Transport layer of the OSI or TCP/IP stack.» versus "frame" which refers to a protocol data unit at the Datalink and Physical layers viz., Ethernet frame - "Segment" can mean an IP subnetwork. Hubs and Extended Collision Domains A repeater (or hub) joins two (or more) segments These segments share a common collision domain - The hub will broadcast all frames, as if the two segments were one 15
16 The (Obsolete) Rule The rule (or rule) - 5 segments (cables) - connected by 4 repeaters - 3 active segments (i.e., with transmitting nodes) - 2 passive segments Single Collision Domain (Not important in switched networks ) how big can a collision domain be? rule limits amount of cable in use How far apart could two computers be, using 10Base5 cable? How far apart could two computers be, using 10Base2 cable? 16
17 10Base-T and Hubs 10Base-T cables connect one host to a hub Hubs can have dozens of ports, each connected to a separate host Hubs are OSI layer-1 devices, no smarts built in - Ports are logically interconnected Base-T and Collision Domains Hubs are multiport repeaters rule still applies - Shorter cables mean smaller collision domains All nodes in the network on the right are in the same collision domain Optical fiber (10Base-FL) permits much larger collision domains 17
18 Ethernet Switches Switches are physically similar to hubs Each cable between a host and a switch is a separate Ethernet segment - Only two nodes (host and switch) on each segment, so collisions are not much of a problem Switch must be smart enough and fast enough to act like a separate node on each of its ports - More expensive than a hub - Switches were very uncommon in 10Base-T Switches versus Hubs Switches don't echo all frames to all segments, so each segment is a separate collision domain - Switches are Layer-2 devices Broadcast frames are sent to all segments - Segments connected to the switch form a Broadcast Domain Collisions don't occur between broadcast frames, because the switch sends them one at a time 18
19 Hubs, Switches, and Collision Domains Switches form separate collision domains Hubs, Switches, and Broadcast Domains Switches maintain a single broadcast domain - Hubs and switches both copy broadcast frames to all other ports 19
20 The Switch In a Wireless Router Wireless router includes a router, a switch, and a Wireless Access Point (WAP) Router functionality in the CPU Virtual LAN (VLAN) connects WAP and switch's internal ports Another VLAN connects WAN port to router Simulations of NICs, Hubs, CSMA/CD, Switches Web Link: - NIC behavior: omsho/nic.swf - Hub behavior: omsho/hub.swf - CSMA/CD: omsho/csmacd.swf - switch behavior: omsho/switch.swf 20
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