includes Bryophytes (mosses) Pteridophytes (ferns) Gymnosperms (conifers) Angiosperms (flowering plants)

Transcription

1 Plants

2 includes Bryophytes (mosses) Pteridophytes (ferns) Gymnosperms (conifers) Angiosperms (flowering plants)

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4 mosses Characteristics No true roots or leaves No vascular system Produce spores

5 Ferns Characteristics Vascular system True roots and leaves Produce spores

6 Gymnosperms (conifers) Characteristics trees with needles (fir, pine, cedar, hemlock, etc.) Cones Pollen cone male produce pollen Seed cone female produce female gametophyte or ovule

7 Gymnosperm reproduction

8 Angiosperms Angiosperm: Flowering plants Flower: Specialized type of plant shoot used for reproduction Many flowers are adapted to attract insects or animals to transfer pollen.

9 Endosperm: Nutrient storing tissue surrounding the embryo of the flower. Endosperm=Fruit

10 Diversity of angiosperms Angiosperms have two major classes based on the number of cotyledon (seed storage) Monocot Dicot

11 Monocot vs. Dicot Monocot Single cotyledon (seed) Parallel veins Flowers in multiples of three Vascular bundles are scattered Dicot Two cotyledons (seed) Branched veins Flowers in multiples of four or five Vascular

12 Angiosperm reproduction

13 Double fertilization ewfiles/animation% swf 9/ html

14 Reproductive structures Stamen: Male reproductive structure Filament: Long stalk holding the anther Anther: Sac of pollen grains

15 Carpel (Pistil): Female reproductive structure Ovary: Female egg Style: Narrow structure leading to the ovary Stigma: Sticky tip at the top of the style, helps catch and transport pollen

16 Reproductive structures

17 Reproduction 1. Pollen grows toward the ovary 2. Ovary is fertilized 3. Develops into a seed

18 Germination

19 Germination Germination: Growth of embryo 1. Seed soaks up water 2. Seed expands and splits Germination Needs Correct temperature Moisture (water) Lighting

20 Asexual Reproduction Some plants don t reproduce sexually No pollen Damage of seeds

21 Asexual reproduction cont Vegetative Reproduction: Asexual reproduction in plants Offspring are genetically identical to parent Runners New roots Shoots off of original roots

22 Plants growth

23 Growth after germination Plants develop roots and shoots to grow Root grows first seeking moisture Growth occurs through meristematic tissue

24 Growth after germination cont. Meristematic tissue is found in both roots and shoots Growth occurs in both primary and secondary steps

25 Primary growth Primary growth: growth in plant length Apical Meristem: Meristematic cells found in the tips of the roots and shoots

26 Primary Growth cont. Growth happens through the apical meristem The apical meristem produces new cells that allow the plant to grow in length

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29 Leaf Stem Root Dermal tissue Vascular tissue Ground tissue

30 Secondary Growth Secondary growth: Growth in a plants width Occurs in woody plants Vines, shrubs, and trees Secondary growth occurs in meristematic tissues called vascular cambium and cork cambium

31 Secondary Growth cont. Vascular Cambium: Cylinder of actively dividing cells between the xylem and the phloem Cork Cambium: An actively dividing layer of thick cork cells

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33 Vascular Cambium Growth in width occurs by the adding of new xylem and phloem by the vascular cambium As a new spring begins a new layer of xylem and phloem are grown causing the ring structures seen in trees.

34 Vascular Cambium cont. With a new layer of cells brings the dying of the old layer The thickness of the new cells is dependent on environmental factors

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36 Cork Cambium The outer cork layers of the trees are constantly dividing and dying As cork cells die they leave a thick waxy wall behind helping to prevent water loss from the stem

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38 Tree rings Any tree with growth will show rings The trees rings will show not only age but also environmental conditions A tree in cool, wet conditions such as a normal spring will have large thin walled cells showing a thick layer for that season

39 Tree Rings cont. A tree in hot, dry conditions will have small thick wall cells showing a thin layer for the season One ring consists of one year showing spring wood and usually a more dense summer wood

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41 Plants Movement of nutrients

42 Plant nutrients Main needs: CO2 H2O Sunlight Other needs: Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorus Potassium Calcium Magnesium

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44 Movement of nutrients Plant nutrients are absorbed through the roots and then transported throughout the plant through vascular tissues

45 Movement of Nutrients cont. The movement of nutrients and water in the plant is done through a combination of diffusion, active transport, and properties of water

46 Plant parts of movement Xylem: water transporting cells linked lengthwise from root to shoots Phloem: food transporting cells linked from leaves to roots and other nonphotosynthetic plant parts Stoma: Pores located in the leaves, have the ability to be closed to regulate water loss

47 Plants parts of movement cont. The movement of nutrients and water in the plant is done through a combination of diffusion, active transport, and properties of water

48 Xylem and phloem Epidermis Cortex Endodermis Casparian strip Root hairs Cell wall Cortex Cell membrane Active transport of minerals Movement of water by osmosis Phloem Vascular Cylinder Xylem

49 How do roots absorb? 1. Surface area of roots is high due to root hairs 2. Water is absorbed through diffusion(osmosis) 1. Water is in high concentration in the soil and low in the root hairs

50 How do roots absorb? cont 1. The concentration of water is kept low by the upward movement into the plant 1. Root pressure: movement of water through the xylem by active transport 2. Transpiration: Water is lost through the leaves due to evaporation and adhesion and cohesion pull the water upwards

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52 Food movement 1. Sugar is created by photosynthesis in the thylakoids and stroma 2. Sugar is transported from the source to the sink by phloem cells 1. Sink=area of sugar use

53 Food movement cont. 1. Sugar moves away by diffusion from high to low 2. Ending where it is used in the cell

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