Use of an electroabsorption modulator and an autocorrelator for fibre chromatic dispersion measurement at 1550 nm
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1 Optics Communications 226 (2003) Use of an electroabsorption modulator and an autocorrelator for fibre chromatic dispersion measurement at 1550 nm C.J.S. de Matos *, J.R. Taylor Femtosecond Optics Group, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW, UK Received 17 June 2003; accepted 4 September 2003 Abstract We present the measurement of chromatic dispersion around 1550 nm of a number of optical fibres with a pulse delay technique utilising an electroabsorption modulator and an autocorrelator for high temporal accuracy. In total, 10 fibres with various lengths and dispersion characteristics have been characterised, demonstrating the flexibility of the method. Mismatches between manufacturer-quoted and measured dispersion values ranged from 0.8% to 9% and it is believed that higher accuracies can be achieved by perfecting the data processing procedure. This technique may find application in research laboratories for quick and reliable fibre dispersion characterisation. Ó 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: Cn Keywords: Chromatic dispersion; Optical fibres 1. Introduction Accurately determining the chromatic dispersion of single-mode optical fibres is extremely important both in system design and fibre optics research. Depending on the application, the accurate determination of the dispersion in a narrow spectral region or the overall dispersion profile may be required. A number of techniques for * Corresponding author. Tel.: +44(0) ; fax: +44(0) address: c.de-matos@ic.ac.uk (C.J.S. de Matos). chromatic dispersion measurement has been proposed and tested throughout the years and can be broadly divided in two major groups [1]. Frequency domain techniques [2] determine dispersion through analysis of the spectral interference pattern generated by superposing a probe optical signal, which propagates through the fibre under test, and a reference signal. These techniques allow for high resolution measurements (equivalent to delays of 0.1 ps) but require the use of short lengths of fibre. Time-domain techniques, on the other hand, determine chromatic dispersion by comparing the phase of sinusoidally modulated reference and /$ - see front matter Ó 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi: /j.optcom
2 222 C.J.S. de Matos, J.R. Taylor / Optics Communications 226 (2003) probe signals [3] or the relative delay between pulsed reference and probe signals [4], as a function of wavelength. In the pulse delay technique, an electrical pulse generator generally serves as reference signal and drives a tuneable laser, which serves as the probe signal. The pulse delay is measured with a detector and a sampling oscilloscope that ultimately limits the measurement resolution to 15 ps. As a result, for the measurement of short fibres or of fibres with low dispersion large wavelength steps are required that can be beyond the laser tuneability and that demand careful data fitting so that the dispersion value at the wavelength of interest can be obtained. The use of an autocorrelator for pulse delay measurements would offer higher temporal resolution ð0.5 ps). However, the nature of the autocorrelation implies that no variation on the pulse delay is observable in the autocorrelator trace when the pulse is spectrally tuned. One way of overcoming this problem is to launch two synchronised pulses at different wavelengths into the fibre under test and measure their relative delay at the output. The use of synchronised pulses at two wavelengths allows for fast and direct relative delay measurements and has been previously proposed for dispersion measurements using an oscilloscope [5]. However, when short pulses are employed and high-resolution delay measurements are to be performed, perfectly synchronising the two pulse sources is generally difficult and requires careful experimental preparation. Recently, the use of a single electro-absorption modulator (EAM) for simultaneously modulating more than one laser has been demonstrated [6] and can be directly applied for two-pulse relative delay measurements. EAMs provide high-quality pulses with durations of a few picoseconds that also improve the resolution of the technique. In this paper, a novel, simple configuration for chromatic dispersion measurements in single-mode fibres is demonstrated that utilises an EAM to simultaneously modulate two lasers operating in the 1550 nm region and an autocorrelator for determining the relative pulse delay. A number of optical fibres with different dispersion profiles has been characterised and the dispersion values obtained are in good agreement with those specified by the manufacturers. 2. Experimental setup The experimental configuration used for determining the chromatic dispersion of optical fibres around 1550 nm is shown in Fig. 1. A distributed feedback (DFB) laser at nm and an external cavity laser that was tuneable from 1500 to 1580 nm were combined via a 50:50 coupler and modulated in an EAM at 10 GHz. A polarisation controller (PC) was employed at the output of each laser to optimise the modulation process. As the DFB had a power that was lower than that of the tuneable laser, an erbium-doped fibre amplifier () and a variable optical attenuator (VOA) were used at the DFB output to equalise powers. A tuneable bandpass filter (TBPF1) with a 0.9 nm 3-dB bandwidth was placed before the VOA to remove the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). The pulse trains generated in the EAM had 3-dB bandwidths of 0.4 nm and were amplified in a second. Another tuneable bandpass filter (TBPF2) was subsequently used to reduce the DFB PC TBPF1 VOA coupler EAM TBPF2 Tunable laser PC Autocorrelator OSA coupler fiber under test Fig. 1. Experimental configuration used for fibre chromatic dispersion measurement around 1550 nm.
3 C.J.S. de Matos, J.R. Taylor / Optics Communications 226 (2003) ASE level. This filter was centered at the DFB wavelength and had a 3-dB bandwidth of 12 nm that allowed for tuning of the tuneable laser. The pulses were then launched into a 150-m dispersion compensating fibre (DCF1), used to compensate for the chirp generated in the EAM, that was followed by the fibre under test (FUT). A third amplified the signal before it was split in a coupler for simultaneous measurement in a second harmonic generation autocorrelator and a 0.01-nm resolution optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). For each FUT the tuneable laser was positioned at 7 or 8 wavelengths around the DFB wavelength and the corresponding relative delays and spectral detunings determined. The tuneable laser wavelengths were always chosen so that the induced delays were smaller than the repetition period of the pulse trains but were large enough to result in low pulse temporal overlapping. A range of fibres were tested including dispersion-compensating fibres (DCFs), dispersion-shifted fibres (DSFs), Non-zero DSFs (NZ-DSFs) and standard telecommunications fibres (STFs). Fibre lengths were determined with a commercial optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR). In addition to reducing the EAM-induced chirp of each pulse, DCF1 also induced a delay between pulses. This delay had to be taken into account to accurately determine the FUT dispersion, and was experimentally measured to be )12.3 ps/nm by running the experiment without an FUT. Similarly, the propagation of the pulses in an FUT led to both pulse delay and pulse broadening. In long fibres or in fibres with high dispersion, the broadening was comparable to the pulse train period and therefore the two pulses overlapped, hindering the pulse delay measurement. When such was the case, an additional fibre with a previously measured dispersion that had a sign opposite to that of the FUT was introduced after DCF1 to partially pre-compensate for the chirp induced in the FUT. 3. Results and discussion Typical autocorrelation and OSA traces obtained in the FUT characterisation can be seen in Fig. 2(a) and (b), respectively. In the case shown, the FUT was a 3.1-km DSF. The 3-peaked structure seen in Fig. 2(a) is typical of the autocorrelation of two pulses. A modulation with a period of a few picoseconds is observed throughout the trace and is due to beating of the two carrier frequencies. In order to determine the position of each pulse, this beating was removed from the autocorrelation traces by the application of a fast Fourier transform filter. The relative delay between pulses was then determined as half the delay between the two lower-amplitude autocorrelation peaks. The position of each autocorrelation peak could be determined to within 0.3 ps. Fig. 2(b) shows the spectrum of the two pulses at the FUT output. The wavelength of each laser was determined by switching off the 10-GHz generator driving the EAM and by measuring the spectral position of the two narrow-bandwidth lines. The Normalized amplitude (a) Autocorrelation delay (ps) Optical power (dbm) (b) Fig. 2. Example of autocorrelation (a) and spectrum (b) obtained at the FUT output for measurement of chromatic dispersion.
4 224 C.J.S. de Matos, J.R. Taylor / Optics Communications 226 (2003) Relative group delay (ps) Fig. 3. Example trace of relative group delay versus wavelength detuning relative to the DFB wavelength ( nm). spectral position of these peaks was measured to within 0.01nm. Fig. 3 shows an example of relative group delay profile obtained. The wavelength detuning shown in the graph is relative to the DFB wavelength ( nm). In this example, the FUT consisted of a 1.2-km DCF. A 10.1 km NZ-DSF with a dispersion measured to be 4.6 ps nm 1 km 1 was used to pre-compensate for the pulse broadening in the FUT. The 1.7-nm span around the zero wavelength detuning without data points corresponds to the region in which high pulse temporal overlapping occurred. As the spectral range in which the measurements were performed was narrow, the relative group delay profiles were generally fit by a straight line. A parabolic fit was used in cases where the linear fit was not suitable. The fit slope was then taken to be the total spectral delay induced by the fibres used in the characterisation. Finally, the dispersion of the FUT was determined by subtracting the delay induced by the additional fibres used in the measurement and by dividing the resulting value by the FUT length measured with the OTDR. Table 1 shows a summary of all fibres characterised. The mismatch between measured and manufacturer-quoted dispersion values range from 0.8 9% showing the reliability of the technique. As can be seen, the measured dispersions were always lower in absolute values than those specified by manufacturers. This systematic error is due to the nonlinearity in the time scale of the autocorrelation trace for large autocorrelation delays. Lower errors could be obtained if this nonlinearity is taken into account during the processing of the data. Note also that lower mismatches (<4.2%) were achieved for FUTs that were measured together with an additional fibre with opposite dispersion sign. This is because in such cases the systematic error of the FUT measurement cancels out with that of the additional fibre alone. 4. Conclusions A simple pulse delay technique for chromatic dispersion measurement of single-mode fibres around 1550 nm has been demonstrated and may find application in research laboratories. It consists of generating synchronised pulse trains in two Table 1 Summary of fibres characterised Fibre identifier Fibre length (km) Manufacturer-quoted dispersion (ps nm 1 km 1 ) Measured dispersion (ps nm 1 km 1 ) Additional fibres used in measurement DCF )90 )83.1 DCF )87 )83.3 DCF1,NZ-DSF1, NZ-DSF3 DCF )130 )118.3 DCF1 DCF )54 )52.2 DCF1,NZ-DSF1 DSF )1.2 )1.12 DCF1 STF ) 15.9 DCF1,DSF1 STF ) 16.2 DCF2,DCF4 NZ-DSF DCF1,DCF3 NZ-DSF DCF1,DCF4 NZ-DSF DCF1,DCF4
5 C.J.S. de Matos, J.R. Taylor / Optics Communications 226 (2003) wavelengths in a 10-GHz EAM and detecting their relative pulse delay in an autocorrelator after propagation in the fibre under test. A series of fibres has been characterised and results are in reasonably good agreement with values provided by the manufacturers. A systematic error has been detected that is due to the nonlinear behaviour of the autocorrelator trace for large autocorrelation delays. This error was reduced in measurements in which an additional fibre was employed that had a dispersion sign opposite to that of the fibre under test. Acknowledgements C.J.S. de Matos is supported by Coordenacß~ao de Aperfeicßoamento de Pessoal de Nıvel Superior (CAPES) Brazil and an Overseas Research Student (ORS) award UK. References [1] G. Cancellieri (Ed.), Single-Mode Optical Fiber Measurement Characterisation and Sensing, Artech House, Boston, 1993, p [2] W.D. Bomberger, J.J. Burke, Electron. Lett. 17 (1981) 495. [3] B. Costa, M. Puleo, E. Vezzoni, Electron. Lett. 19 (1983) [4] L.G. Cohen, C. Lin, Appl. Opt. 16 (1977) [5] D.W. Schicketanz, C.K. Eoll, Electron. Lett. 22 (1986) 209. [6] P.C. Reeves-Hall, S.A.E. Lewis, D.G. Moodie, S.V. Chernikov, J.R. Taylor, Opt. Commun. 175 (2000) 361.
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