Department of Computer Science Southern Illinois University Carbondale. QoS and Multicast Routing Protocols for MANETs
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1 Department of Computer Science Southern Illinois University Carbondale QoS and Multicast Routing Protocols for MANETs Dr. Kemal Akkaya Some slides are adapted from: Greg Gerou, QoS Routing UIUC - Louis McCants, Kevan Victor Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 1
2 Quality of Service (QoS) Providing certain performance guarantees (QoS) at different layers of protocol stack (mostly MAC and network layers) Real-Time applications Multimedia applications Bandwidth Delay Jitter Throughput Energy MAC Layer: IEEE e Lots of research at the network layer Internet QoS models: Differentiated Services: DiffServ Per packet QoS: Packets are classified into different classes Integrated Services: IntServ Per flow QoS: all packets of a flow is a single class Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 2
3 QoS Routing in MANETs We mostly have best-effort service in MANETs However, real-time applications or multimedia data applications maybe run on MANETs Delay and Bandwidth constrained Routing in MANETs Provide certain end-to-end delay or bandwidth Minimize delay or bandwidth usage Needs to consider mobility as well as the challenges of QoS service Lots of research at the network layer QoS at the MAC layer (i.e., IEEE e) is not enough by itself for end-to-end QoS. Some of the proposed QoS routing protocols Core Extraction Distributed AdHoc Routing (CEDAR) QOS Extensions to AODV Distributed ticket-based QoS routing Bandwidth constrained TDMA based routing Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 3
4 CEDAR: a Core Extraction Distributed Ad hoc Routing algorithm R. Sivakumar, Prasun Sinha, and V. Bharghavan, "CEDAR: a Core Extraction Distributed Ad hoc Routing algorithm," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (Special Issue on Ad-hoc Routing), vol. 17, no. 8, pp , Aug Key components Core extraction Link State Propagation Route Computation Major Goals Robust in nature Generates admissible routes on demand Core hosts involved computations of routes Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 4
5 CEDAR Cont d The core is an approximation of the network s minimum dominating set Dominating Set Every vertex not in the set is adjacent to at least one vertex that is in the set. Finding an MDS is an NP complete problem. Constant time algorithms exist to approximate the MDS. G A H B C E D F S J K A core node Node E is the dominator for nodes D, F and K Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 5
6 Core host have info on CORE & State Info Local topology of hosts in its domain Nearby core hosts which are part of the MDS Maintain virtual links (multi-hop links) to these core hosts A node may know Only local info All core topology Or some info on remote nodes (if they are stable) Route computation On the core on demand S D Core path from dom(s)->dom(d) is established Possible to apply well known algorithms to the core graph: DSR, TORA, AODV, ZRP, etc. Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 6
7 QoS Routing In CEDAR QoS route computation is an on-demand routing algorithm Three Key Components Finding the destination and establishing a core path to it Core Path from dom(s) to dom(d): Establishment of a short stable admissible QoS route dom(s) searches the shortest widest path from s to the d either a path to d is found or the computation will fail to compute a path at a core node Dynamic re-establishment of routes for ongoing connections QoS Route Recomputation at the Failure Point Node closest to failure point does recomputation QoS Route Recomputation at the Source Source is notified of failure, then recomputes Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 7
8 CEDAR - Summary Core provides an efficient and low overhead infrastructure to perform routing CEDAR is robust and only uses local state for route computation at core nodes CEDAR reacts quickly and effectively to the dynamics of a given network CEDAR produces good stable admissible routes with a high probability CEDAR does not require high maintenance overhead even for highly dynamic networks Disadvantages Maintaining CORE What if one nodes fails? Increase/Decrease waves for bandwidth only Could use the same wave idea for other metrics Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 8
9 Multicast - Introduction Multicast One to Many Class D IP address reserved for multicast ~ ~ reserved for group Multicast groups all hosts group all routers group all DVMRP routers Internet Architectures Source-based tree DVMRP MOSPF PIM-DM Shared tree CBT PIM-SM Small to mid-sized networks Small to large networks Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 9
10 Multicast Routing Protocols for MANETs On-demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) Sung-Ju Lee, Mario Gerla, and Ching-Chuang Chiang " On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol ", in Proceedings of IEEE WCNC'99, New Orleans, LA, Sep Multicast AODV (MAODV) Elizabeth Royer and Charles E. Perkins " Multicast Operation of the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol ", Proceedings of MobiCom '99, Seattle, WA, August 1999, pp Multicast ZRP (MZR) MZR: a multicast protocol for mobile ad hoc networks ; Devarapalli, V.; Sidhu, D.; IEEE International Conference on Communications, Volume: 3, 2001; Page(s): vol.3 Multicast CEDAR P. Sinha, R. Sivakumar and V. Bharghavan, "MCEDAR: Multicast Core- Extraction Distributed Ad hoc Routing", Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 1999, pp Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 10
11 Multicast Operation of AODV This operation of MAODV can be explained in three steps Routing Tables Route Discovery Multicast Algorithm Three routing tables Normal routing table Multicast routing table This table contains entries for multicast groups for which it is a router. Multicast Group IP Address Multicast Group Leader IP Address Multicast Group Sequence Number Hop Count To Multicast Group Leader Next Hops Lifetime Request Table Stores IP address of nodes to join a multicast group Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 11
12 Joining to a Multicast Group Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 12
13 Multicasting Algorithm The first node in a multicast group (MG) will act as multicast group leader (MGL). Any node can join or leave the MG at any time (dynamic in nature) Each node must agree to be a router to join the group. Th dest. addr is the IP address of multicast group. Th dest. seqno is the seqno of the multicast group. If the node wishes to join the group it will set the J_flag of RREQ and broadcast it Otherwise left it blank. If source knows the IP address of the group leader then it will unicast the RREQ to the MGL Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 13
14 Route Reply Message Generation If a node replies with RREP, it adds two more fields to the RREP Mgroup_Hop and Group_Leader_Addr. Source node will know the number of hops to nearest MGL (Mgroup_Hop) and IP address of MGL (Group_Leader_Addr). Mgroup_Hop will be incremented whenever the RREP is forwarded. If a source node receives multiple RREPs Source node will wait for rte_discovery_timeout before it will select the shortest route with greatest sequence number. Once the source selects the route It will send the MACT(Multicast Activation) message until the node which initiated the RREP is reached. In this way MACT will prevent multiple routes. MAODV has mechanisms for Leaving members Link breaks Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 14
15 Summary - MAODV Advantages of MAODV: Supports unicasting, multicasting and broadcasting. This is a reactive protocol (on-demand) Loop-free Protocol Disadvantages of MAODV: Overhead due to link breakages Complex to implement. Route Discovery Latency will be High Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 15
16 Multicast Zone Routing - MZR It s a source initiated on-demand multicast routing protocol Builds a multicast delivery tree rooted at the source based on the zone routing protocol Does not depend on any underlying unicast protocol for global routing substructure Multicast Tree Creation For each multicast session a tree rooted at the source is created. The tree is identified by <source, group> pair Multicast route entry consists of: Multicast session id <source, group> pair IP address of upstream node A list of the downstream nodes Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 16
17 Multicast Tree Creation Tree Creation is a two step process: Step 1: Extend tree inside zone Source sends a TREE-CREATE to each zone node As the TREE-CREATE packet is propagated reverse routes are created at each intermediate node An interested node replies with a TREE-CREATE-ACK The TREE-CREATE-ACK is sent back through the reverse route As it propagates, the multicast route entry is completed and activated F G E A S C D Group Member B Non Group Member TREE-CREATE TREE-CREATE-ACK Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 17
18 Multicast Tree Creation Step 2: Extend tree to the entire network Source sends a TREE- PROPAGATE message to border nodes On receiving the TREE- PROPAGATE the border node does the following things: Q A P D B E S J C F K I G H Sends a TREE-CREATE packet to all its zone nodes and the procedure described in Step 1 is followed R O N T L M Once it is done with the zone nodes it sends a TREE- PROPAGATE message to its border nodes Group Member Non Group Member Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 18
19 Routing Mechanism Other details Source starts transmitting once the multicast delivery tree is created Internal nodes of the tree replicate received data packets and send a copy to each node on the downstream list Transmission to a downstream node is stopped once that node migrates Maintaining up-to-date routing information Timer for each route entry Stale route entries removed on time-out To keep routes active within multicast session source sends TREE- REFRESH packet Mechanisms for Nodes leaving Link breaks Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing 19
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