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1 Graphics are used with permission of : adam.com ( Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co ( (Page 36.) Using the diagrams on page 36, list the steps in the secretion of H (Page 36.) What is the result of this whole process of the secretion of H +? 82. (Page 37.) Label the diagram on p. 37 and show the three mechanisms that occur during acidosis. 83. (Page 38.) Contrast the amount of time it takes for chemical buffers, the respiratory system and the urinary system to work. 84. (Page 38.) The respiratory mechanism is important for compensation for what type of acidosis and alkalosis? 85. (Page 38.) The urinary mechanism is important for compensation for what type of acidosis and alkalosis? 86. (Page 38.) What types of acids are eliminated via the respiratory system? 87. (Page 38.) What types of acids are eliminated via the urinary system? 88. (Page 39.) Alkalosis occurs when the ph of the blood rises above What are two major types of alkalosis? 89. (Page 39.) Acidosis occurs when the ph of the plasma falls below What are two major types of acidosis? 90. (Page 40.) Summarize how the body compensates for acidosis and alkalosis with three major mechanisms. 91. (Page 40.) Why can't the buffer systems take care of acidosis and alkalosis? 92. (Page 41.) When does metabolic acidosis occur? 93. (Page 42.) Why did Jennifer experience dehydration in her ketoacidosis? 94. (Page 43.) When ketoacidosis occurs, is the ph of the plasma high or low? 95. (Page 44.) Once an individual has metabolic acidosis, the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system will come into action. Which direction will the equilibrium reaction go, to the left or to the right? 96. (Page 44.) As a result of metabolic acidosis, will the level of bicarbonate increase or decrease? 97. (Page 44.) Which body system will respond to compensate for this acid/base imbalance, the urinary system or the respiratory system? 98. (Page 44.) Predict how the respiratory system will compensate for metabolic acidosis, will you breathe faster or slower? 99. (Page 45.) What causes metabolic alkalosis? 100. (Page 46.) When vomiting from the stomach occurs, what is lost from the body?

2 101. (Page 46.) What would you expect to happen to the ph when vomiting from the stomach occurs? 102. (Page 47.) Once an individual has metabolic alkalosis, the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system will come into action. Now which direction will the equilibrium reaction go, will it shift to the right or to the left? 103. (Page 47.) Predict how the body will compensate for metabolic alkalosis. Will hypoventilation or hyperventilation occur? 104. (Page 48.) When does respiratory acidosis occur? 105. (Page 49.) What is the defect in emphysema?

3 (Page 50.) Why would the neurologic symptoms of respiratory acidosis be sometimes more severe than those of metabolic acidosis? 107. (Page 50.) As a result of respiratory acidosis from emphysema, which direction will this equation go, would it shift to the left or to the right? 108. (Page 51.) What happens to acid levels in the blood, will they rise or fall? 109. (Page 51.) How the body compensates for respiratory acidosis (Page 52.) What causes respiratory alkalosis? 111. (Page 53.) As a result of hyperventilation, which direction will this equation go, will it shift to the right or left? 112. (Page 54.) What will happen to the concentration of H + in the blood, will it increase or decrease? 113. (Page 54.) How will the body compensate for respiratory alkalosis? 114. (Page 41, 45, 48, & 52.) Would the following cause metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis? a. Excessive diarrhea, caused by loss of bicarbonate which is plentiful in intestinal fluid. b. Vomiting of stomach contents containing hydrochloric acid would deplete the acid in the body. c. Severe anxiety over a visit to the dentist. d. Some types of kidney disease, which prevent elimination of acid from the body. e. Stimulation of the brain stem in the case of meningitis may cause hyperventilation. f. Ketoacidosis from total absence of insulin in the body, or starvation. g. Decreased activity of the diaphragm muscle. h. Low levels of oxygen in the blood, may cause hyperventilation. i. Lack of oxygen in the tissues which causes the production of lactic acid. j. Ingestion of too much bicarbonate, or baking soda, would produce an excess of base. k. Vomiting of intestinal contents. l. Head injury may also cause hyperventilation. m. Excess acid can also appear in the extracellular fluids due to a high potassium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid. n. Metabolic alkalosis can occur when there is too little potassium in extracellular fluid. o. Conditions that impair exchange of gases in the lungs. p. Lack of respiratory control in the brain stem.

4 (Pages ) Fill out this diagram: 116. (Page 55.) What is the cause of metabolic acidosis? (Check all that apply.) Excess H + generated within the body Loss of base from the body Deficit of H+ within the body Gain of base in the body 117. (Page 55.) Which of the following would be observed in simple, uncompensated metabolic acidosis? CO 2 rises CO 2 falls - rises - falls 118. (Page 55.) What system will compensate for respiratory acidosis, the respiratory system or the renal system? 119. (Page 55.) As a result of compensation, which direction will this reaction go, to the right or to the left? 120. (Page 55.) Will this individual hyperventilate or hypoventilate? 121. (Page 56.)What is the cause of metabolic alkalosis? (Check all that apply.) Excess H+ generated within the body Loss of base from the body Deficit of H+ within the body 122. (Page 56.) Which of the following would be observed in simple, uncompensated metabolic alkalosis? CO 2 rises CO 2 falls - rises - falls

5 123. (Page 56.) What system will compensate for metabolic alkalosis, the respiratory system or the renal system? 124. (Page 56.) As a result of compensation in metabolic alkalosis, which direction will this reaction go? 125.(Page 56.) Will the individual in metabolic alkalosis hyperventilate or hypoventilate?

6 (Page 57.) What is the cause of respiratory acidosis? (Check all that apply.) Excess H+ generated in the body Loss of H+ from the body Loss of CO 2 from the body Buildup of CO 2 in the body 127. (Page 57.) As a result of respiratory acidosis, which direction will this reaction go? 128.(Page 57.) Which of the following would be observed in simple, uncompensated respiratory acidosis? CO 2 rises CO 2 falls - rises - falls 129. (Page 57.) What system will compensate for respiratory acidosis, the respiratory system or the renal system? 130. (Page 57.) Complete this chart: 131. (Page 58.) What is the cause of respiratory alkalosis? (Check all that apply.) Excess H+ generated in the body Loss of H+ from the body Loss of CO 2 from the body Buildup of CO 2 in the body 132. (Page 58.) As a result of respiratory alkalosis, which direction will this reaction go? 133. Which of the following would be observed in simple, uncompensated respiratory alkalosis CO 2 rises CO 2 falls - rises - falls

7 134. What system will compensate for respiratory alkalosis, the respiratory system, or the renal system?

8 -39- Answers to Study Questions on Acid/Base Homeostasis: 1. Chemical buffers, the respiratory system, and the urinary system. 2. In units of ph. 3. ph measures the concentration of free hydrogen ion in solution. 4. Acids and bases in our bodies come from the food we eat and from metabolism, such as the production of lactic acid. 5. ph 4 6. Acidic, basic 7. Increases, decreases 8. Decreases, increases From left to right: acidic, neutral, basic 11. Arterial blood: , Venous blood: 7.35, Interstitial fluid: 7.35, In the cell: Inside the cell. 13. Gastric juice: 2.0, Small intestine: 8.0, Urine: between 4.5 and Acids are substances that release hydrogen ion and are therefore hydrogen ion donors. 15. Strong acids are substances that release all their hydrogen ion. 16. HCl H + + Cl - Hydrochloric acid Chloride ion 17. When strong acids dissolve in water, they release all their H +. When weak acids are added to water it does not completely dissociate. Not all their H + falls off. 18. H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO 3 - Carbonic acid Bicarbonate 19. No some weak acids are stronger than other weak acids. 20. Bases take up hydrogen ion. 21. Alkaline solutions 22. HCO 3 - OH - + H 2 CO 3 Bicarbonate Hydroxide ion Carbonic acid 23. From left to right: 1.0, 4.5, 2.5, ph From left to right: ph 10, ph 3, ph a. Bicarbonate, hydrogen phosphate, sulfate, anions of organic acids, and proteins. b. Dihydrogen phosphate and proteins. 27. Because many globular proteins cannot function at an altered ph because their shape is crucial for their function. 28. The acid, H +, adds to negatively charged side chain on the protein, causing them to become neutral. Ionic bonds no longer exist and they partially denature. 29. The base, OH -, pulls an H + off positively charged side chain on the protein, causing them to become neutral. Ionic bonds no longer exist and they partially denature. 30. Chemical buffer systems, Respiratory controls, Renal mechanisms 31. There is a large drop in ph. 32. They are composed of weak acid and weak base pairs which are sometimes called conjugate acid/base pairs. 33. To help the body maintain a relatively constant ph. 34. Carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system, Phosphate buffer system, Protein buffers 35. The weak acid is carbonic acid, H2CO3. You can tell because it has more hydrogen in it. The weak base is bicarbonate, HCO HCO 3 H 2 CO 3

9 Bicarbonate Carbonic acid The ph does not change dramatically because the H + hooked onto the bicarbonate.

10 H 2 CO 3 + OH - HCO H 2 O Carbonic acid Hydroxide ion Bicarbonate Water The ph does not change dramatically because the OH - pulled an H + off water to form bicarbonate and water. 38. H 2 PO 4 - is the weak acid because it has more hydrogen. HPO 4 = is the weak base. 39. HPO 4 = + H + H 2 PO 4 - hydrogen phosphate hydrogen ion dihydrogen phosphate The ph does not change much because the H + is taken up by the weak base. 40. H 2 PO OH - HPO 4 = dihydrogen phosphate hydroxide ion hydrogen phosphate The ph does not change much because the OH - pulls a H+ off the weak acid to form water. 41. NH 3 + is an amino group. COO - is an organic acid group The protein changes shape. The protein changes shape. 44. This equation expresses the relationship between the weak acid and weak base of the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system: H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO 3 - Carbonic acid Bicarbonate The reaction can go either in the forward direction or the reverse direction. If it goes in the forward direction, hydrogen ion and bicarbonate are formed. If it goes in the reverse direction carbonic acid is formed. Since there are many molecules and ions in solution, when the body is in homeostasis, there is essentially no change in the concentrations of molecules and ions, even though the reaction continues. 45. When too much carbonic acid is present, the reaction proceeds to the right and more hydrogen ion and bicarbonate are generated. H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO 3 - Carbonic acid Bicarbonate 46. When too much hydrogen ion is present, the reaction proceeds to the left and more carbonic acid is generated. H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO 3 -

11 Carbonic acid Bicarbonate 47. When there is not enough hydrogen ion present, the reaction proceeds to the right and more hydrogen ion and bicarbonate are generated. H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO 3 - Carbonic acid Bicarbonate

12 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O 49. It leaves the body through the lungs. 50. More carbon dioxide leaves the body. 51. Less carbon dioxide leaves the body. 52. Within the body fluids carbon dioxide and water are constantly coming together to form carbonic acid in this reversible reaction: CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 Carbon dioxide Water Carbonic acid 53. Carbonic anhydrase H Because you are unable to blow off your carbon dioxide, the concentration in the plasma will increase. 56. A carbon dioxide build-up in the plasma causes the reaction to proceed to the right and hydrogen ion increases. CO2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 HCO 3 + H + Carbon dioxide Water Carbonic acid Bicarbonate 57. Because H + is being generated, the plasma becomes more acidic and the ph decreases. 58. More carbon dioxide is blown off and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the plasma will decrease. 59. If the rate of respiration increases, more carbon dioxide is eliminated from the plasma. The carbon dioxide concentration decreases and the reaction proceeds to the left: + H + Carbon dioxide Water Carbonic acid Bicarbonate 60. Because H + is being used up to generate more carbon dioxide, the plasma becomes more basic and the ph increases. 61. Because carbonic acid can freely turn into carbon dioxide and can be eliminated through the lungs, it is considered to be a volatile acid. 62. Counterclockwise from the upper right: renal tubule, glomerular capsule, glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, nephron Filtration 2. Reabsorption 3. Secretion 64. s, H +, bicarbonate ions, HCO 3 -, carbon dioxide, CO2, phosphate ions, HPO4-2, H 2 PO 4-2, other fixed acids 65. By selectively reabsorbing and secreting acids and bases. 66. Clockwise from upper right: peritubular capillary, renal tubule, glomerular capsule, glomerular capillary

13 67. If the plasma ph is too high, bicarbonate is filtered at the glomerulus, but it is not reabsorbed. Bicarbonate goes into the urine and is eliminated from the body. 68. Bicarbonate is a base, and as more is eliminated in the urine, acid will increase and the ph will decrease Reabsorption of HCO 3-2. Generation of HCO 3 - by the kidney tubule cells. 3. Secretion of H By generating more bicarbonate and reabsorption of this bicarbonate into the plasma, adds more bicarbonate to the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer. 71. Renal mechanisms are the slowest mechanism and may take hours or days to complete. 72. Fixed acids, are constantly being generated in the body from metabolic reactions and many must be removed from the body in the urine. These acids are unlike carbonic acids which is a volatile acid that can be removed from the body as carbon dioxide and water through the respiratory system. 73. Right side of page, from top to bottom: Plasma, interstitium, Na+/K+ pump, Antiport transport protein, filtrate Left side of page from top to bottom: Ion channel, PCT cell

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