EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PCM IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS. Albert Castell, Marc Medrano, Joan Roca, Anna Vila, Luisa F. Cabeza
|
|
- Tyrone Barton
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PCM IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS Albert Castell, Marc Medrano, Joan Roca, Anna Vila, Luisa F. Cabeza GREA Innovació Concurrent Edifici CREA, Universitat de Lleida, Pere de Cabrera s/n, 251-Lleida (Spain) Phone: , Fax: ABSTRACT This work presents the results of an experimental set-up to test phase change materials with various typical insulation and construction materials for Mediterranean construction in real conditions. Several cubicles were constructed (using conventional and alveolar brick) and their thermal performance throughout the time was measured. For each type, macroencapsulated PCM is added in one cubicle (RT-27 paraffin and SP-25 A8 hydrate salt). The cubicles have a domestic heat pump as the heating/cooling system and the energy consumption is registered. In summer 28 the energy consumption of the HVAC system was reduced in the PCM cubicle for set points higher than 2 ºC. Lower set points decreased the effect of the PCM since it is not melting properly. The results from winter in free floating mode show an insulation effect of the PCM, achieving a warmer inside temperature in the PCM cubicles, especially during the cold hours of the day. 1. INTRODUCTION Energy consumption for thermal comfort in buildings has grown a lot in few years because of increasing users demand for comfort conditions and the associated market penetration of more cooling systems. This increase of energy consumption and the increase of the fuel price and CO 2 emissions are promoting a new policy of more sustainable buildings. Phase change materials (PCMs) have been studied for thermal storage in buildings since before 198. In first steps, development and testing were conducted for prototypes of PCM wallboard and PCM concrete systems to enhance the thermal energy storage (TES) capacity of standard gypsum wallboard and concrete blocks, with particular interest in peak load shifting and solar energy utilization. Several researchers have investigated methods for impregnating gypsum wallboard, concrete and other architectural materials with phase change materials ((Banu et al. 1993), (Slayer et al. 1985), (Shapiro et al. 1987)). Different types of PCMs and their characteristics are described. The manufacturing techniques, thermal performance and applications of gypsum wallboards and concrete blocks which have been impregnated with phase change materials as well as concrete with microencapsulated PCM have been presented and discussed previously ((Cabeza et al. 27), (Hauer et al. 25), (Khundhair and Farid 24), (Zalba et al. 23)). This work presents a new experimental set-up to test the effect of the inclusion of PCM in buildings. For this purpose, several cubicles were constructed using traditional brick and alveolar brick. Macroencapsulated PCM is added in one traditional brick cubicle and in one alveolar brick cubicle (CSM panels, containing RT-27 and SP-25 A8, respectively). 1
2 2. DEMONSTRATION CUBICLES The cubicles were built with Mediterranean typical constructive solutions. To be able to compare the results obtained with the concrete cubicles studied previously (Cabeza et al. 27), the internal dimensions of the new cubicles are the same as the old ones (2.4x2.4x2.4 meters). Figure 1 shows the demonstration cubicles located in Puigverd de Lleida. Figure 1. Demonstration cubicles in Puigverd de Lleida. For comparison purposes, the new cubicles have no windows. One door in the northern wall is the only opening of the new cubicles Brick cubicles The structure was done using 4 mortar pillars, also with reinforcing bars, one in each edge of the cubicle. The base consists of a mortar base of 3x3 meters with crushed stones and reinforcing bars. The walls consist of perforated bricks (29x14x7.5 cm, Figure 2) with an insulating material (depending on the cubicle) on the external side and plaster on the internal side. The external finish was done with hollow bricks and a cement mortar finish. Between the perforated bricks and the hollow bricks there is an air chamber of 5 cm. The roof was done using concrete precast beams and 5 cm of concrete slab. The internal finish is plaster. The insulating material is placed over the concrete, protected with a cement mortar roof with an inclination of 3% and a double asphalt membrane. Three cubicles using different insulating materials are compared: 1. Reference cubicle (Reference): This cubicle has no insulation. 2. Polyurethane cubicle (PU): The insulation material used is 5 cm of spray foam polyurethane. 3. PCM cubicle (RT27+PU): The insulation used is again 5 cm of spray foam polyurethane and an additional layer of PCM. CSM panels (Figure 3) containing RT- 27 paraffin (provided by Rubitherm are located between the perforated bricks and the polyurethane (in the southern and western walls and the roof). The most important properties of the insulation materials and the PCM are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Figure 2. Hollow brick Table 1. Physical properties of polyurethane. Polyurethane Thermal conductivity (W/m K).28 Density (kg/m 3 ) 35 Maximum temperature (ºC) 8 2
3 Figure 3. CSM panel containing the PCM. Table 2. Physical properties of RT-27. Units RT-27 Melting point ºC 28 Congealing point ºC 26 Heat Storage Capacity kj/kg 179 Density solid.87 kg/l liquid.75 Heat capacity Solid 1.8 kj/kg K Liquid 2.4 Heat conductivity W/m K.2 Figure 4 to Figure 6 show the demonstration cubicles built with brick, polyurethane, and RT- 27 PCM and polyurethane, respectively, during construction. Figure 4. Brick cubicle Alveolar brick cubicles Figure 5. Brick cubicle with polyurethane. Figure 6. Brick cubicle with RT- 27 and polyurethane. Two different cubicles were built with alveolar brick: 1. Reference cubicle (Alveolar): The alveolar brick has an especial design which provides both thermal and acoustic insulation. No additional insulation was used in this cubicle. 2. PCM cubicle (SP25+Alveolar): Several CSM panels (Figure 3) containing SP-25 A8 hydrate salt (provided by Rubitherm are located inside the cubicle, between the alveolar brick and the plaster plastering in order to increase the thermal inertia of the wall (in the southern and western walls and the roof). Figure 7 presents the alveolar brick. The most important properties of the alveolar brick and SP-25 A8 are shown in Table 3 and Table 4. Figure 7. Alveolar brick. Table 3. Physical properties of the alveolar brick. Alveolar brick Heat transmittance (W/m 2 K).66 Thickness (mm) 29 Table 4. Physical properties of SP-25 A8. Units SP-25 A8 Melting point ºC 26 Congealing point ºC 25 Heat Storage Capacity kj/kg 18 Density kg/l 1.38 Specific Heat capacity kj/kg K 2.5 Heat conductivity W/m K.6 3
4 Figure 8 shows one demonstration cubicle built with alveolar brick, before finishing is added Instrumentation and registered data Figure 8. Alveolar brick cubicles. To evaluate the thermal performance of each material the following data were registered for each cubicle. Wall temperature (east, west, north, south internal, south external, roof and floor). Internal ambient temperature (1.5 m) and humidity. Heat flux at the south wall (inside and outside) (using Hukseflux HFP1 heat flux sensors). Electrical consumption of the heat pump. Solar radiation (using a pyranometre available in a nearby meteorological station). External ambient temperature and humidity Experiments performed The experimental set-up offers the possibility to perform two kinds of tests. Free-floating temperature, where no heating/cooling system is used. The temperature conditions in the cubicles are compared. The ones with PCM are expected to have better behavior. Controlled temperature, where a heat pump is used to set the internal ambient temperature of the cubicle. The energy consumption of the cubicles is compared using different set points. The cubicles using PCM are expected to have lower energy consumptions. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Summer period For the summer period, the energy consumption of the cubicles was studied. Different weeks with similar weather conditions were tested with different set points. Figure 9 and Figure 1 shows the comparison of PU and RT27+PU cubicles for the first week of June, where a set point of 16 ºC was used. From the beginning of the week the energy consumption of the Reference cubicle is higher than the one from the PU and RT27+PU cubicles. The PU and the RT27+PU cubicles have almost the same energy consumption, presenting no improvements the cubicle with PCM. On the other hand, the Alveolar cubicle consumption is significantly lower than that of the SP25+Alveolar cubicle. 4
5 Energy Set point 16 ºC Energy Set point 16 ºC /6/28 4/6/28 5/6/28 6/6/28 7/6/28 8/6/28 Reference PU RT27+PU Figure 9. Accumulated energy consumption brick cubicles. Set point 16 ºC. 3/6/28 4/6/28 5/6/28 6/6/28 7/6/28 8/6/28 Alveolar SP25+Alveolar Figure 1. Accumulated energy consumption alveolar cubicles. Set point 16 ºC. Very low set points (like 16 ºC) do not favour the PCM operation since the phase change range is much higher than the set point and the PCM is sensitive to the inside temperature due to its location inside the wall. In these cases the energy consumption of the cubicles is not improved by the use of PCM (Table 5). The energy consumption in the PU and RT27+PU cubicles is practically the same, which demonstrates that both heat pumps have very similar COP. On the other hand, the energy consumption of the SP25+Alveolar cubicle is significantly higher than the one of the Alveolar cubicle, probably due to a lower COP which results in higher energy consumptions. Table 5. Accumulated energy consumption and savings for the different cubicles. Energy Consumption 1 Energy Savings 2 Energy Savings 2 (%) Improvement 3 (%) Reference PU RT27+PU Alveolar SP25+Alveolar Set point of 16 ºC during 6 days 2 Referred to the Reference cubicle 3 Referred to the cubicle with analogue constructive solution and without PCM The results for the experiments with a set point of 2 ºC are presented in Figure 11 and Figure 12. For the conventional brick cubicles, an important difference in the energy consumption between the Reference and the PU and RT27+PU cubicles is observed. Both insulated cubicles prevents the heat pump to start for the first two days of the experiments, while the heat pump of the Reference cubicle is working during all the experiment, reaching an energy consumption about 3 times higher. Moreover, the RT27+PU cubicle achieves a reduction of the energy consumption of about 5 % compared to the PU one (Table 6). On the other hand, for the alveolar brick cubicles the energy consumption in higher in the SP25+Alveolar cubicle than in the Alveolar one (Table 6). This may be caused by the different COP of the heat pumps already observed in the experiments with a set point of 16 ºC. A COP correction can be done forcing the same energy consumption for both Alveolar and SP25+Alveolar cubicles when using a set point of 16 ºC. In that case the results for the experiment using a set point of 2 ºC show a reduction of the energy consumption in the SP25+Alveolar cubicle of about 5 %. 5
6 Energy Set point 2 ºC 17/6/28 18/6/28 19/6/28 2/6/28 21/6/28 22/6/28 Reference PU RT27+PU Figure 11. Accumulated energy consumption brick cubicles. Set point 2 ºC. Energy Set point 2 ºC 17/6/28 18/6/28 19/6/28 2/6/28 21/6/28 22/6/28 Alveolar SP25+Alveolar Figure 12. Accumulated energy consumption alveolar cubicles. Set point 2 ºC. Table 6. Accumulated energy consumption and savings for the different cubicles Energy Consumption 1 Energy Savings 2 Energy Savings 2 (%) Improvement 3 (%) Reference PU RT27+PU Alveolar SP25+Alveolar Set point of 2 ºC during 6 days 2 Refered to the Reference cubicle 3 Refered to the cubicle with analogue constructive solution and without PCM Figure 13 and Figure 14 present the results of the controlled temperature experiments using a set point of 24 ºC. The accumulated energy consumption of the Reference cubicle is higher than all the other cubicles. The RT27+PU cubicle is the one with the lowest energy consumption while the SP25+Alveolar cubicle is the second one, consuming even less energy than the PU cubicle. Finally, the Alveolar cubicle is the one that more energy consumes after the Reference cubicle. Energy Set point 24 ºC 27/8/28 28/8/28 29/8/28 3/8/28 31/8/28 Reference PU RT27+PU Figure 13. Accumulated energy consumption brick cubicles. Set point 24 ºC. Energy Set point 24 ºC 27/8/28 28/8/28 29/8/28 3/8/28 31/8/28 Alveolar SP25+Alveolar Figure 14. Accumulated energy consumption alveolar cubicles. Set point 24 ºC. A moderate set point (like 24 ºC) favours the PCM working conditions, since the inside temperature is close to the phase change range. Both PCM cubicles reduced the energy consumption compared with the same cubicle without PCM. The RT27+PU cubicle achieved a reduction of 15 % compared to the PU cubicle, while the SP25+Alveolar cubicle reached a 17 % of energy savings compared to the Alveolar one (Table 7). If the COP correction is done 6
7 for the SP25+Alveolar cubicle, the improvement in the energy consumption increases up to 3 %. Table 7. Accumulated energy consumption and savings for the different cubicles Energy Consumption 1 Energy Savings 2 Energy Savings 2 (%) Improvement 3 (%) Reference PU RT27+PU Alveolar SP25+Alveolar Set point of 24 ºC during 5 days 2 Referred to the Reference cubicle 3 Referred to the cubicle with analogue constructive solution and without PCM 3.2. Winter period The effect of the PCM during winter season was evaluated in the experimental set-up during a free-floating temperature test. Figure 15 shows the inside ambient temperature of the brick and alveolar brick cubicles. In the second week of December the temperature was very low, never reaching 15 ºC (Figure 15a). The inside temperature in the RT27+PU cubicle follows the same tendency as in the PU cubicle with a higher absolute value. At the beginning of the week the temperatures were almost the same but the difference increased to.4 ºC at the end of the week. Similar results were observed in January, February and March with temperature differences around.3 ºC, especially during the cold hours of the day. This effect can be caused by the low thermal conductivity of the PCM (.2 W/m K), which works as insulation. Referring to the Alveolar and SP25+Alveolar cubicles, Figure 15b presents the data of the outside and inside temperatures during the second week of December. A similar effect as in the brick cubicles is observed. Although the temperature of both cubicles presents the same tendency, the SP25+Alveolar one is between.1 ºC and.5 ºC warmer than the Alveolar. Similar results are obtained for January, February and March. In those cases the effect is more visible at the beginning of the week and decreases with time. Temperature (ºC) /12/27 11/12/27 13/12/27 15/12/27 17/12/27 Inside PU Inside RT27+PU 19/12/27 21/12/27 23/12/ /12/27 11/12/27 13/12/27 15/12/27 17/12/27 19/12/27 Inside Alveolar Inside SP25+Alveolar 21/12/27 a) Brick cubicles b) Alveolar cubicles Figure 15. Comparison of the inside temperatures of brick and alveolar brick cubicles for December. Temperature (ºC) 23/12/27 7
8 4. CONCLUSIONS In this work the benefits of using PCM in conventional and alveolar brick construction are studied. Both free-floating temperatures and energy consumptions are analyzed for summer and winter periods. The set point used plays a key role in the working conditions of the PCM and therefore in the thermal behaviour and the energy consumption of the cubicle. The location of the PCM, closer to the inside, makes it more sensitive to the set point used. For very low set points (16 ºC) no improvements were observed in the PCM cubicles, since the phase change temperature of the PCM is much higher than the set point (about 27 ºC). When using low set points (2 ºC) a small reduction of the energy consumption was observed (about 5 %), while moderate set points (24 ºC) improve the working conditions of the PCM since the temperature is much closer to the phase change range. In that case a reduction of the energy consumption about 15 % is achieved. The experimental results of the winter period showed a positive effect of the PCM. The increase of the insulation effect introduced by the PCM results in warmer temperatures inside the PCM cubicles, especially during the cold hours of the day. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work was partially funded by the Spanish government (project ENE C2-1/CON) and in collaboration with the companies Synthesia, Honeywell, Gremi de Rajolers, Hispalyt, Prefabricats Lacoma, Cerámicas Sampedro and Cityhall of Puigverd de Lleida. Dr. Marc Medrano would like to thank the Spanish Ministery of Education and Science for his Ramon y Cajal research appointment. REFERENCES Banu D., Feldman D., Haghighat F., Paris J., Hawes D., Energy-storing wallboard: flammability tests, Journal of Materials and Civil Engineering 1 (1998) Cabeza L. F., Castellón C., Nogués M., Medrano M., Leppers R., Zubillaga O., Use of microencapsulated PCM in concrete walls for energy savings, Energy and Buildings 39 (27) Hauer A., Mehling H., Schossig P., Yamaha M., Cabeza L.F., Martin V., Setterwall F., International energy agency implementing agreement on energy conservation through energy storage, Annex 17 Final report, 25. Khudhair A.M., Farid M.M., A review on energy conservation in building applications with thermal storage by latent heat using phase change materials, Energy Conversion and management 45 (24) Salyer I.O., Sircar A.K., Chartoff R.P., Miller D.E., Advanced phase change materials for passive solar storage applications, in: Proceedings of the 2th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Warrendale, PA, USA, (1985), pp Shapiro M., Feldman D., Hawes D., Banu D., PCM thermal storage in drywall using organic phase change material, Passive Solar Journal 4 (1987) Zalba B., Marín J.M., Cabeza L.F., Mehling H., Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications, Applied Thermal Engineering 23 (23)
MICROENCAPSULATED PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS (PCM) FOR BUILDING APPLICATIONS
MICROENCAPSULATED PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS (PCM) FOR BUILDING APPLICATIONS C. Castellón, M. Nogués, J. Roca, M. Medrano, L. F. Cabeza Departament d Informàtica i Eng. Industrial, Universitat de Lleida Pere
More informationUse of Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials in Building Applications
Use of Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials in Building Applications C. Castellón M. Medrano, PhD J. Roca, PhD M. Nogués, PhD A. Castell L.F. Cabeza, PhD ABSTRACT Phase Change Materials (PCMs) have
More informationHeat and cold storage with PCM
Harald Mehling Luisa F. Cabeza Heat and cold storage with PCM An up to date introduction into basics and applications With 208 Figures and 28 Tables 4y Springer Contents 1 Basic thermodynamics of thermal
More informationStudies energy efficiency of the renewable sources use considering climate in Latvia
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia (25) www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia 6th International Building Physics Conference, IBPC 25 Studies energy efficiency of the renewable
More informationOutline. Thermal storage for low carbon buildings. Effect of global warming on design summer year. Environment impacts of buildings
http://www.brighton.ac.uk/csbe Thermal storage for low carbon buildings Kenneth Ip Centre for Sustainability of the Built Environment Outline Background Basic principles of thermal storage in buildings
More informationFACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF BUILDINGS
FACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF BUILDINGS 1 Ralf Lindberg, Professor Minna Korpi, M.Sc. Juha Vinha, Dr.Tech. June 11, 2008 Department of Civil Engineering, Tampere University of Technology 2 BACKGROUND
More informationPHASE CHANGE MATERIAL AS A THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE MATERIAL FOR COOLING OF BUILDING
PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL AS A THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE MATERIAL FOR COOLING OF BUILDING 1 M.RAVIKUMAR, 2 DR. PSS. SRINIVASAN 1 Sr.Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, B I T, Sathyamangalam, Erode,
More informationEXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A BIO-BASED PHASE-CHANGE MATERIAL TO IMPROVE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE
Proceedings of ASME 2010 4 th International Conference on Energy Sustainability ES2010 May 17-22, 2010 Phoenix, Arizona, USA ES2010-90035 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A BIO-BASED PHASE-CHANGE MATERIAL
More informationANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2004 Building Thermal Envelope and Fabric Load Tests
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2004 Building Thermal Envelope and Fabric Load Tests DesignBuilder Version 1.2.0 (incorporating EnergyPlus version 1.3.0) - June 2006 1.0 Purpose The ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2004
More informationREDUCING THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS BY INCORPORATING MICROENCAPSULATED PCMS IN RIGID POLYURETHANE FOAMS
Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology Chemical Engineering Department University of Castilla La Mancha Ciudad Real, Spain REDUCING THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS BY INCORPORATING MICROENCAPSULATED
More informationIES <Virtual Environment> Tutorial. Apache Sim (Version 6.0)
IES Tutorial Apache Sim (Version 6.0) Introduction This tutorial will begin by showing you how to use the Building Template Manager (BTM) to create thermal and construction data for
More informationWindow Thermal Performance Optimization in Governmental Emirati Housing Prototype in Abu Dhabi, UAE
Window Thermal Performance Optimization in Governmental Emirati Housing Prototype in Abu Dhabi, UAE Abuimara, Tareq A 1 ; Tabet Aoul, Kheira A. 1 1 Department of Architectural Engineering, United Arab
More informationPassive Solar Design and Concepts
Passive Solar Design and Concepts Daylighting 1 Passive Solar Heating Good architecture? The judicious use of south glazing coupled with appropriate shading and thermal mass. Summer Winter Passive solar
More informationExemplary Retrofitting of an Old School in Stuttgart - EROS -
Exemplary Retrofitting of an Old School in Stuttgart - EROS - City of Stuttgart, Summary The objective of the project was to demonstrate the potentials of a retrofitting process for a typical school in
More informationSoftware Development for Cooling Load Estimation by CLTD Method
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) ISSN: 2278-1684Volume 3, Issue 6 (Nov. - Dec. 2012), PP 01-06 Software Development for Cooling Load Estimation by CLTD Method Tousif Ahmed Department
More informationDETERMINATION OF THE HEAT STORAGE CAPACITY OF PCM AND PCM-OBJECTS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE. E. Günther, S. Hiebler, H. Mehling
DETERMINATION OF THE HEAT STORAGE CAPACITY OF PCM AND PCM-OBJECTS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE E. Günther, S. Hiebler, H. Mehling Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern) Walther-Meißner-Str.
More information1..GENERAL DATA 2. CLIMATIC DATA. Location
1..GENERAL DATA Location Szentendre, Downtown, Hungary Property Community centre of Szentendre, Public, Municipality of Szentendre Year of Building: End of 19th Century Present use (1) Community centre
More informationIEA SHC Task 47 Renovation of Non-Residential Buildings towards Sustainable Standards
Date of revision: 15.6.2012 Osram Culture Centre Copenhagen, Denmark Valhalsgade 4, 2200 Copenhagen N 1. INTRODUCTION PROJECT SUMMARY Construction year: 1953 Energy renovation: 2009 No past energy renovations
More informationThe Influence Of Window Type And Orientation On Energy-Saving In Buildings Application To A Single Family Dwelling
The Influence Of Window Type And Orientation On Energy-Saving In Buildings Application To A Single Family Dwelling Urbikain M. K., Mvuama M. C., García Gáfaro C. and Sala Lizarraga J. M. The University
More informationNew Thermal Architecture For Future Green Data Centres
New Thermal Architecture For Future Green Data Centres S. Le Masson, D. Nörtershäuser France Télécom R&D 2, Av Pierre Marzin 22300 Lannion FRANCE stephane.lemasson@orange-ftgroup.com ; david.nortershauser@orange-ftgroup.com,
More informationUnbeatable energy efficient glass curtain wall system
Unbeatable energy efficient glass curtain wall system CONTENT Introduction 1 System 2 World Class Engineering 4 Unit Selection 5 Energy Efficiency & Comfort 10 Maximised Installation Efficiency 12 Aesthetics
More informationSENSITIVITY STUDY FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STRATEGIES OF OFFICE BUILDINGS IN CENTRAL CHILE: EFFECTIVENESS OF NOCTURNAL VENTILATION.
SENSITIVITY STUDY FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STRATEGIES OF OFFICE BUILDINGS IN CENTRAL CHILE: EFFECTIVENESS OF NOCTURNAL VENTILATION. Waldo Bustamante *1, Felipe Encinas 2 and Francisco Sánchez de la Flor
More informationCHAPTER 3. BUILDING THERMAL LOAD ESTIMATION
CHAPTER 3. BUILDING THERMAL LOAD ESTIMATION 3.1 Purpose of Thermal Load Estimation 3.2 Heating Load versus Cooling Load 3.3 Critical Conditions for Design 3.4 Manual versus Computer Calculations 3.5 Heating
More informationLow temperature solar assisted (heating) system based on slurry PCM
ANNEX 59 - High emperature Cooling & Low emperature Heating in Buildings Riqualificazione di edifici esistenti con elevati standard energetici: metodi e tecnologie ENEA - Via G. Romano 41, 00196 Roma -
More informationTwinning «Improvement of the Energy Efficiency in Turkey»
Twinning «Improvement of the Energy Efficiency in Turkey» SECTOR BUILDING WORKSHOP Thermal Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings and Energy Building Code Residential energy efficiency overview in Ankara:
More informationRockwool Flexi Insulation Application Guide
Pitched roof Rafters InterMediate floors INTERNAL partitions external Framed walls separating floors Separating Walls Rockwool Flexi Insulation Application Guide Ground floor The perfect fit for any framed
More informationPassive house rehabilitation of post war residential building in Zug, Switzerland
Passive house rehabilitation of post war residential building in, Switzerland Owner: Erbengemeinschaft Ducret Architect: Miloni & Partner, Wettingen Energy concept designer: Zurfluh & Lottenbach, Luzern
More informationCarnegie Mellon University School of Architecture, Department of Mechanical Engineering Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics
Carnegie Mellon University School of Architecture, Department of Mechanical Engineering Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics A Presentation of Work in Progress 4 October 2006 in the Intelligent
More informationCOMPARISON OF THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT IN ROOMS WITH CHILLED BEAM AND RADIANT PANEL SYSTEMS
COMPARISON OF THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT IN ROOMS WITH CHILLED BEAM AND RADIANT PANEL SYSTEMS Risto Kosonen, Panu Mustakallio Arsen Melikov 2, Marcin Duszyk 2 Oy Halton Group Ltd., Helsinki, Finland. 2 International
More informationSistema de Etiquetagem Energética de Produtos (SEEP) Energy Labeling System for Products
Sistema de Etiquetagem Energética de Produtos (SEEP) Energy Labeling System for Products 10 reasons for an energy labeling system (1/2) The buildings sector is responsible for a considerable share of final
More informationNew technical solutions for energy efficient buildings
- New technical solutions for energy efficient buildings State of the Art Report New technologies for heat pumps Authors: Heimo Staller, Angelika Tisch, IFZ Oct. 2010 Background Heat pumps are machines
More informationVicot Solar Air Conditioning. V i c o t A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g C o., l t d Tel: 86-531-8235 5576 Fax: 86-531-82357911 Http://www.vicot.com.
Vicot Solar Air Conditioning V i c o t A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g C o., l t d Tel: 86-531-8235 5576 Fax: 86-531-82357911 Http://www.vicot.com.cn Cooling, heating, and domestic hot water. Return on investment
More informationUnderwriters Laboratories Testing Information
Underwriters Laboratories Testing Information R-8078 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. R-13173 Classified Spray Fiber Surface burning characteristics applied to inorganic reinforced cement board with a maximum
More informationCFD Analysis of Application of Phase Change Material in Automotive Climate Control Systems
CFD Analysis of Application of Phase Change Material in Automotive Climate Control Systems Vijayakumar Nachimuthu 1, Prabhu Mani 2, Muthukumar. P 3 1 Flowxplore, Coimbatore, India., 2 Kathir College of
More informationTHERMAL STORAGE WITH PCM VS. THERMAL INSULATION IN WARM AND HOT CLIMATES
THERMAL STORAGE WITH PCM VS. THERMAL INSULATION IN WARM AND HOT CLIMATES G. C HRISTOPH SPAEH, PE, LEED BD+C SUTTON KENNERLY & ASSOC., INC. 300 Pomona Dr., Greensboro, NC 27403 Phone: 336-855-0993 Fax:
More informationThe Influence of Insulation Styles on the Air Conditioning Load of Japanese Multi- Family Residences
The Influence of Insulation Styles on the Air Conditioning Load of Japanese Multi- Family Residences Yupeng Wang 1, and Hiroatsu Fukuda 2 1 Department of BCEE, Concordia University, Canada, Email: wangyupeng0628@gmail.com
More informationApplication of latent heat thermal energy storage in buildings: State-of-the-art and outlook
Building and Environment 42 (2007) 2197 2209 www.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv Application of latent heat thermal energy storage in buildings: State-of-the-art and outlook Yinping Zhang, Guobing Zhou, Kunping
More informationCONVENTIONAL ROOFS: MEASURING IMPACTS OF INSULATION STRATEGY & MEMBRANE COLOUR IN CANADA
ABSTRACT A field monitoring study was implemented to measure the impacts and benefits of membrane colour (white, grey and black) and insulation strategy on the performance of conventional roofing assemblies.
More informationFoundation. Foundation
Moisture Aside from structural concerns, the most important consideration for foundation design is moisture. No client wants a wet basement. No client wants a damp basement. No client wants mold in their
More informationPCM-Enhanced Building Envelopes in Current ORNL Research Projects
PCM-Enhanced Building Envelopes in Current ORNL Research Projects Jan Kośny, Ph.D., David Yarbrough, Ph.D. P.E., William Miller, Ph.D., Thomas Petrie, Ph.D., Phillip Childs, and Azam Mohiuddin Syed, Ph.D.
More informationClimate and Energy Responsive Housing in Continental Climates. The Suitability of Passive Houses for Iran's Dry and Cold Climate. Farshad Nasrollahi
Climate and Energy Responsive Housing in Continental Climates The Suitability of Passive Houses for Iran's Dry and Cold Climate Farshad Nasrollahi Table of Contents Abstract German Abstract Introduction
More informationAdaptive strategies for office spaces in the UK climate
International Conference Passive and Low Energy Cooling 631 Adaptive strategies for office spaces in the UK climate I. Gallou Environment & Energy Studies Programme, Architectural Association Graduate
More informationHybrid heat pumps. saving energy and reducing carbon emissions
Hybrid heat pumps saving energy and reducing carbon emissions Bart Aspeslagh Product planning and new technology manager, Daikin Europe NV. aspeslagh.b@daikineurope.com Stefanie Debaets Design engineer,
More informationCHAPTER 11: PASSIVE SOLAR HOMES
Chapter 11: Passive Solar Homes 159 CHAPTER 11: PASSIVE SOLAR HOMES Passive solar homes capture both the beauty of the outside world and the heat coming in from the sun. They are designed with the local
More informationHOW AN ENERGY EFFICIENT HOME CAN HELP THE ENVIRONMENT
HOW AN ENERGY EFFICIENT HOME CAN HELP THE ENVIRONMENT During the last century, concern about the environment increased, as issues such as global warming and the Greenhouse Effect convinced us that the
More informationAdvisers for real building
Advisers for real building baumit.com Effective and economical construction from walls to insulation Cost and needs comparisons Comfortable room climate Save energy protect the environment Proper wall
More informationPCM Light Weight Concrete Masonry Units for Use in Reactive Building Envelopes
PCM Light Weight Concrete Masonry Units for Use in Reactive Building Envelopes Final Report for Phase 1 W. Mark McGinley Department of Civil Engineering University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky November
More informationSchool in Schwanenstadt, Austria
School in Schwanenstadt, Austria 1. INTRODUCTION PROJECT SUMMARY - building period 1960s - numerous expansions SPECIAL FEATURES - Renovation to meet Passive House Standard - decentralized ventilation system
More informationFederation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations Address: Rue Washington 40 1050 Brussels Belgium www.rehva.eu info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 REHVA
More informationModule 3.7. Thermal bridging
Module 3.7 Thermal bridging Learning Outcomes On successful completion of this module learners will be able to - Describe construction details which influence thermal bridging. 2 Introduction to thermal
More informationThermal testing and numerical simulation of a prototype cell using light wallboards coupling vacuum isolation panels and phase change material
Energy and Buildings 38 (2006) 673 681 www.elsevier.com/locate/enbuild Thermal testing and numerical simulation of a prototype cell using light wallboards coupling vacuum isolation panels and phase change
More informationCrawl space heat and moisture behaviour
Crawl space heat and moisture behaviour Miimu Airaksinen, Dr., Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT miimu.airaksinen@vtt.fi, www.vtt.fi KEYWORDS: crawl space, moisture, evaporation from ground, ground
More informationRESSÒ: energy efficiency urban rehabilitation
RESSÒ: energy efficiency urban rehabilitation Authors: Bodelon, Carmen 1 ; Gascón, Eduardo 1 ; Ramon, Guillem 1 ; Obiols, Martí 1 ; Palomar, Pablo 1 ; Escoda, Quim 1 ; Prat, Sandra 1 ; Illa, Sergi 1 ;
More informationHEATING-COOLING WALL PANELS SYSTEM IN SLOVENE ETHNOGRAPHIC MUSEUM
01-147 The 2005 World Sustainable Building Conference, HEATING-COOLING WALL PANELS SYSTEM IN SLOVENE ETHNOGRAPHIC MUSEUM Aleš KRAINER Prof. Dr. 1 Rudi Perdan 2 Gal Krainer 3 1 2 Faculty of Civil Engineering,
More informationThe Importance of Building Criteria on Cooling Energy Demand of a Low Cost Residential House: Thailand Case Study
The Importance of Building Criteria on Cooling Energy Demand of a Low Cost Residential House: Thailand Case Study WARAPORN RATTANONGPHISAT 1,2,*, FEDERICO M. BUTERA 2, R.S. ADHIKARI 2 AND CHALERMPORN YOOPRATETH
More informationHydrophobe VII., Lisbon
Hydrophobe VII., Lisbon The water repellent treatment of building materials in thermal baths Debrecen, Hungary The geothermal potential in EU János Major University of Debrecen, Faculty of Thermal baths
More informationHEAT LOAD AND SOLAR GAIN PREDICTION FOR SOLID WALL DWELLINGS RETROFITTED WITH TRIPLE VACUUM GLAZING FOR SELECTED WINDOW TO WALL AREA RATIOS
HEAT LOAD AND SOLAR GAIN PREDICTION FOR SOLID WALL DWELLINGS RETROFITTED WITH TRIPLE VACUUM GLAZING FOR SELECTED WINDOW TO WALL AREA RATIOS Saim Memon Philip C. Eames Centre for Renewable Energy Systems
More informationRadiant Heating and Cooling Systems BY KWANG WOO KIM, ARCH.D., MEMBER ASHRAE; BJARNE W. OLESEN, PH.D., FELLOW ASHRAE
TECHNICAL FEATURE Fundamentals at Work This article was published in ASHRAE Journal, February 2015. Copyright 2015 ASHRAE. Posted at www.ashrae.org. This article may not be copied and/or distributed electronically
More informationENERGY AUDIT. Project : Industrial building United Arab Emirates (Case study) Contact person (DERBIGUM):
ENERGY AUDIT Project : Industrial building United Arab Emirates (Case study) Contact person (DERBIGUM): Leonard Fernandes DERBIGUM project reference : UAE -2014 - EA 103 Author : Daniel Heffinck (DERBIGUM)
More informationCold Room & Refrigeration System (Casserole Assembly) No of units: 1
Technical Specifications Cold Room & Refrigeration System (Casserole Assembly) No of units: 1 For chiller storage of all sorts of items Chiller storage temperature: 2-5 C Provides excellent thermal efficiency
More informationfirst look at GigaCrete s revolutionary new New Construction GigaHouse GigaHouse Utilizing GigaPanel
first look at GigaCrete s revolutionary new New Construction GigaHouse GigaHouse Utilizing GigaPanel What is GigaCrete GigaCrete is a family of products based on low carbon footprint Green ceramic binders
More informationField test of a novel combined solar thermal and heat pump system with an ice store
Field test of a novel combined solar thermal and system with an ice store Anja Loose Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering (ITW), Research and Testing Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS),
More informationPerformance Test of Solar Assisted Solid Desiccant Dryer
Performance Test of Solar Assisted Solid Desiccant Dryer S. MISHA 1,2,*, S. MAT 1, M. H. RUSLAN 1, K. SOPIAN 1, E. SALLEH 1, M. A. M. ROSLI 1 1 Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
More informationBuilding envelope and heat capacity: re-discovering the thermal mass for winter energy saving
346 2nd PALENC Conference and 28th AIVC Conference on Building Low Energy Cooling and Building envelope and heat capacity: re-discovering the thermal mass for winter energy saving S. Ferrari Politecnico
More informationSchlüter -KERDI-BOARD Substrate, structural panel, bonded waterproofing
Substrate, structural panel, bonded waterproofing The universal substrate for tiles Perfect covering No matter whether you work with mosaics or large format tiles, an absolutely level substrate with straight
More informationMicronal PCM. Intelligent Temperature Management for Buildings. A broader base for your success. www.micronal.de
A broader base for your success Polymer Dispersions for: Construction Architectural Coatings Adhesives Fiber Bonding Micronal PCM Intelligent Temperature Management for Buildings www.micronal.de 2 Micronal
More information1/9/2013. Terminology Calculating Heat Transfer Code Requirements Design Examples and Sustainability
1/9/13 By Brett T. Fagan, P.E. Presented by Marie Horan, P.E. Building Diagnostics, Inc. Building Diagnostics Terminology Calculating Heat Transfer Code Requirements Design Examples and Sustainability
More informationWindows are one of the most important components of a
design concepts Arjun Kamal MAKING BETTER INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS WITH ENERGY-EFFICIENT WINDOW DESIGN An insight into the various technologies used for constructing windows, and an attempt at understanding
More informationInfluence of fire source locations on the actuation of wet-type sprinklers in an office fire
Influence of fire source locations on the actuation of wet-type sprinklers in an office fire Ko-Jen Chen 1 Chun-Ta Tzeng 2 Chi-ming Lai 3 Abstract An experiment is conducted on a full-scale model office
More informationImproving comfort and energy efficiency in a nursery school design process S. Ferrari, G. Masera, D. Dell Oro
Improving comfort and energy efficiency in a nursery school design process S. Ferrari, G. Masera, D. Dell Oro Dept. Building Environment Science &Technologies Politecnico di Milano Italy Research funded
More informationSOLAR ENERGY FUNDAMENTALS
Radiantec SOLAR ENERGY FUNDAMENTALS G E N E R A L S U P P L E M E N T 420 by Radiantec Company What is Solar Energy? What is the Sun? The sun is a star, not much different from the billions of others in
More informationENERGY EFFICIENT WINDOWS & DOORS A GUIDE TO THERMAL PERFORMANCE. www.rehau.co.uk. Building Solutions Automotive Industry
ENERGY EFFICIENT WINDOWS & DOORS A GUIDE TO THERMAL PERFORMANCE www.rehau.co.uk Building Solutions Automotive Industry INTRODUCTION IMPROVING THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF WINDOWS AND DOORS Background Environmental
More informationFrost Damage of Roof Tiles in Relatively Warm Areas in Japan
Frost Damage of Roof Tiles in Relatively Warm Areas in Japan Influence of Surface Finish on Water Penetration Chiemi IBA Hokkaido Research Organization, Japan Shuichi HOKOI Kyoto University, Japan INTRODUCTION
More informationMapei systems for radiating floor heating with high thermal efficiency
Mapei systems for radiating floor heating with high thermal efficiency PRODUCTS FOR CERAMIC TILES AND STONE MATERIAL ADHESIVES SEALANTS CHEMICAL PRODUCTS FOR BUILDING III MAPEI systems for radiating floor
More informationEffects of Solar Photovoltaic Panels on Roof Heat Transfer
Effects of Solar Photovoltaic Panels on Roof Heat Transfer A. Dominguez, J. Kleissl, & M. Samady, Univ of California, San Diego J. C. Luvall, NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center Building Heating, Ventilation
More informationEnergy Company Obligation (ECO): Technical Monitoring Questions
Energy Company Obligation (ECO) Technical Monitoring Questions v1 30/05/2013 Energy Company Obligation (ECO): Technical Monitoring Questions Under ECO suppliers are required to instruct suitably qualified
More informationENERGY BALANCE OF LOW ENERGY HOUSE WITH GHPS IN HOKKAIDO
ENERGY BALANCE OF LOW ENERGY HOUSE WITH GHPS IN HOKKAIDO Yasuhiro Hamada, Kiyoshi Ochifuji, Makoto Nakamura and Katsunori Nagano Division of Urban and Environmental Engineering Graduate School of Engineering,
More informationImproving thermal insulation of concrete sandwich panel buildings
Improving thermal insulation of concrete sandwich panel buildings Jørgen Munch-Andersen Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University LCUBE conference, Vienna 17-18 April 2007 Outline A general
More informationLong-Term Hygrothermal Performance of Green Roofs
Long-Term Hygrothermal Performance of Green Roofs D. Zirkelbach B. Schafaczek H. Künzel, PhD Member ASHRAE ABSTRACT Green roofs are becoming more and more popular because their thermal inertia, combined
More informationIs an air source heat pump the right choice for my home? Important information and key things to consider before installing an air source heat pump
Is an air source heat pump the right choice for my home? Important information and key things to consider before installing an air source heat pump The basics... This guide can help you make an informed
More informationDISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR ACHIEVING ENERGY SELF-SUSTAINING INDUSTRIAL AREAS
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR ACHIEVING ENERGY SELF-SUSTAINING INDUSTRIAL AREAS Ing. Maria-Anna Segreto LAERTE Laboratory - 1 EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE 2010/31/UE It 's well known that higher
More informationWe have been working in an ideal climate for thirty years.
Underfloor cooling We have been working in an ideal climate for thirty years. A climate that has brought us to a position of leadership in Italy in the field of radiant heating and cooling. RDZ was the
More informationIMPROVING CALCULATIONS OF BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION BASED ON TEN YEAR MEASURED DATA
IMPROVING CALCULATIONS OF BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION BASED ON TEN YEAR MEASURED DATA Mihkel Kiviste, Ralf Lindberg, Virpi Leivo Tampere University of Technology mihkel.kiviste@tut.fi, ralf.lindberg@tut.fi,
More informationFIXIT.CH. Aerogel Insulating Plaster System. Handling Guidelines. Easy to use. Mineral based. 0.028 W/mK BAUSTOFFE MIT SYSTEM
FIXIT.CH Aerogel Insulating Plaster System Handling Guidelines BAUSTOFFE MIT SYSTEM λ 0.028 W/mK Mineral based Easy to use Efficient building insulation using space technology Aerogel high-performance
More informationDESIGN OF NATURAL VENTILATION WITH CFD CHAPTER SEVEN. Qingyan Chen. difficult to understand and model, even for simple
CHAPTER SEVEN L. Glicksman and J. Lin (eds), Sustainable Urban Housing in China, 116-123 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands. DESIGN OF NATURAL VENTILATION WITH CFD Qingyan Chen INTRODUCTION As the
More informationCONCEPTUALIZATION OF UTILIZING WATER SOURCE HEAT PUMPS WITH COOL STORAGE ROOFS
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF UTILIZING WATER SOURCE HEAT PUMPS WITH COOL STORAGE ROOFS by Dr. Bing Chen and Prof. John Bonsell Passive Solar Research Group University of Nebraska-Lincoln Omaha campus and Richard
More informationStudy on Performance Evaluation of a Split Air Conditioning System Under the Actual Conditions
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 2006 Study on Performance Evaluation of a Split Air Conditioning System Under
More informationCONDENSATION IN REFRIDGERATED BUILDINGS
CONDENSATION IN REFRIDGERATED BUILDINGS By: Steve Salisbury Nov. 10, 2010 (revised Nov. 14, 2013) Introduction The following discussion reviews the basic causes of condensation in refrigerated buildings
More informationEnergy Efficiency in Buildings
Energy Efficiency in Buildings Supplemental Guide to SANS 10400-XA & SANS 204 V. 3.0 Registered to: The Drawing Studio Image: digitalart / FreeDigitalPhotos.net Report Date: 26 August 2014 Practice Name:
More informationWALLS Three common wall types are described below, with their insulation solutions.
APPENDIX 5: Building Envelope Insulation is vitally important for temperature controlled buildings. If fuel (and therefore money) is being used to heat a building, less fuel (and money) will be used if
More informationThe Sino-Italy Environment & Energy Building (SIEEB): A model for a new generation of sustainable buildings
International Conference Passive and Low Energy Cooling 935 for the Built Environment, May 25, Santorini, Greece The Sino-Italy Environment & Energy Building (SIEEB): A model for a new generation of sustainable
More informationKerkstoel Activ Floors for concrete core activation
Kerkstoel Activ Floors for concrete core activation Built on experience, driven by innovation Concrete core activation: rational, economical and sustainable Building with concrete core activation is building
More informationModels and Methods in Applied Sciences
Energy consumption and energy saving in Malaysian office buildings S.Sadrzadehrafiei, K.Sopian S.Mat, C.Lim Solar Energy Research Institute University Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600, Bangi, Malaysia s.sadr.r@gmail.com,
More informationSTAYFLEX CORROSION CONTROL AND THERMAL INSULATION SYSTEM
STAYFLEX CORROSION CONTROL AND THERMAL INSULATION SYSTEM Installed in Pre-engineered Steel Buildings Provides Lowest Cost Construction Method for CORROSIVE AND WET Environments PREFERRED SOLUTIONS, INC.
More informationDow Corning PROPRIETARY. Dow Corning. A Thermal Modelling Comparison of Typical Curtain Wall Systems
Dow Corning A Thermal Modelling Comparison of Typical Curtain Wall Systems Introduction Today s Aim To understand the meaning of a U value and window energy ratings Discuss the drivers for energy efficiency
More informationR-VALUES AND U-FACTORS OF SINGLE WYTHE CONCRETE MASONRY WALLS. TEK 6-2B Energy & IAQ (2009) Related TEK: 6-1B, 6-11, 6-12C INTRODUCTION
An information series from the national authority on concrete masonry technology R-VALUES AND U-FACTORS OF SINGLE WYTHE CONCRETE MASONRY WALLS TEK 6-2B Energy & IAQ (2009) INTRODUCTION Single wythe concrete
More informationA Roof Integrated Solar Heating System Without Storage
M. and W. Saman Sustainable Energy Centre University of South Australia Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia E-mail: martin.belusko@unisa.edu.au Abstract A prototype of a roof integrated
More informationDetermination of Thermal Conductivity of Coarse and Fine Sand Soils
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress Bali, Indonesia, - April Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Coarse and Fine Sand Soils Indra Noer Hamdhan 1 and Barry G. Clarke 2 1 Bandung National of Institute
More informationA global list. The Fortification Depot A CO 2 -reduction project
The Fortification Depot A CO 2 -reduction project A global list Passive measures: Windows, glazing, solar shading Insulation of walls, roofs, floors Improving air tightness 1 A global list Technical measures:
More informationInsulation R-Value Comparisons
Insulation R-Value Comparisons American Ingenuity s component panels for the 22 48 domes contains seven inch thick rigid Expanded Polystyrene (E.P.S.) insulation which has an R value of 28. American Ingenuity
More information