EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PCM IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS. Albert Castell, Marc Medrano, Joan Roca, Anna Vila, Luisa F. Cabeza

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1 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PCM IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS Albert Castell, Marc Medrano, Joan Roca, Anna Vila, Luisa F. Cabeza GREA Innovació Concurrent Edifici CREA, Universitat de Lleida, Pere de Cabrera s/n, 251-Lleida (Spain) Phone: , Fax: ABSTRACT This work presents the results of an experimental set-up to test phase change materials with various typical insulation and construction materials for Mediterranean construction in real conditions. Several cubicles were constructed (using conventional and alveolar brick) and their thermal performance throughout the time was measured. For each type, macroencapsulated PCM is added in one cubicle (RT-27 paraffin and SP-25 A8 hydrate salt). The cubicles have a domestic heat pump as the heating/cooling system and the energy consumption is registered. In summer 28 the energy consumption of the HVAC system was reduced in the PCM cubicle for set points higher than 2 ºC. Lower set points decreased the effect of the PCM since it is not melting properly. The results from winter in free floating mode show an insulation effect of the PCM, achieving a warmer inside temperature in the PCM cubicles, especially during the cold hours of the day. 1. INTRODUCTION Energy consumption for thermal comfort in buildings has grown a lot in few years because of increasing users demand for comfort conditions and the associated market penetration of more cooling systems. This increase of energy consumption and the increase of the fuel price and CO 2 emissions are promoting a new policy of more sustainable buildings. Phase change materials (PCMs) have been studied for thermal storage in buildings since before 198. In first steps, development and testing were conducted for prototypes of PCM wallboard and PCM concrete systems to enhance the thermal energy storage (TES) capacity of standard gypsum wallboard and concrete blocks, with particular interest in peak load shifting and solar energy utilization. Several researchers have investigated methods for impregnating gypsum wallboard, concrete and other architectural materials with phase change materials ((Banu et al. 1993), (Slayer et al. 1985), (Shapiro et al. 1987)). Different types of PCMs and their characteristics are described. The manufacturing techniques, thermal performance and applications of gypsum wallboards and concrete blocks which have been impregnated with phase change materials as well as concrete with microencapsulated PCM have been presented and discussed previously ((Cabeza et al. 27), (Hauer et al. 25), (Khundhair and Farid 24), (Zalba et al. 23)). This work presents a new experimental set-up to test the effect of the inclusion of PCM in buildings. For this purpose, several cubicles were constructed using traditional brick and alveolar brick. Macroencapsulated PCM is added in one traditional brick cubicle and in one alveolar brick cubicle (CSM panels, containing RT-27 and SP-25 A8, respectively). 1

2 2. DEMONSTRATION CUBICLES The cubicles were built with Mediterranean typical constructive solutions. To be able to compare the results obtained with the concrete cubicles studied previously (Cabeza et al. 27), the internal dimensions of the new cubicles are the same as the old ones (2.4x2.4x2.4 meters). Figure 1 shows the demonstration cubicles located in Puigverd de Lleida. Figure 1. Demonstration cubicles in Puigverd de Lleida. For comparison purposes, the new cubicles have no windows. One door in the northern wall is the only opening of the new cubicles Brick cubicles The structure was done using 4 mortar pillars, also with reinforcing bars, one in each edge of the cubicle. The base consists of a mortar base of 3x3 meters with crushed stones and reinforcing bars. The walls consist of perforated bricks (29x14x7.5 cm, Figure 2) with an insulating material (depending on the cubicle) on the external side and plaster on the internal side. The external finish was done with hollow bricks and a cement mortar finish. Between the perforated bricks and the hollow bricks there is an air chamber of 5 cm. The roof was done using concrete precast beams and 5 cm of concrete slab. The internal finish is plaster. The insulating material is placed over the concrete, protected with a cement mortar roof with an inclination of 3% and a double asphalt membrane. Three cubicles using different insulating materials are compared: 1. Reference cubicle (Reference): This cubicle has no insulation. 2. Polyurethane cubicle (PU): The insulation material used is 5 cm of spray foam polyurethane. 3. PCM cubicle (RT27+PU): The insulation used is again 5 cm of spray foam polyurethane and an additional layer of PCM. CSM panels (Figure 3) containing RT- 27 paraffin (provided by Rubitherm are located between the perforated bricks and the polyurethane (in the southern and western walls and the roof). The most important properties of the insulation materials and the PCM are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Figure 2. Hollow brick Table 1. Physical properties of polyurethane. Polyurethane Thermal conductivity (W/m K).28 Density (kg/m 3 ) 35 Maximum temperature (ºC) 8 2

3 Figure 3. CSM panel containing the PCM. Table 2. Physical properties of RT-27. Units RT-27 Melting point ºC 28 Congealing point ºC 26 Heat Storage Capacity kj/kg 179 Density solid.87 kg/l liquid.75 Heat capacity Solid 1.8 kj/kg K Liquid 2.4 Heat conductivity W/m K.2 Figure 4 to Figure 6 show the demonstration cubicles built with brick, polyurethane, and RT- 27 PCM and polyurethane, respectively, during construction. Figure 4. Brick cubicle Alveolar brick cubicles Figure 5. Brick cubicle with polyurethane. Figure 6. Brick cubicle with RT- 27 and polyurethane. Two different cubicles were built with alveolar brick: 1. Reference cubicle (Alveolar): The alveolar brick has an especial design which provides both thermal and acoustic insulation. No additional insulation was used in this cubicle. 2. PCM cubicle (SP25+Alveolar): Several CSM panels (Figure 3) containing SP-25 A8 hydrate salt (provided by Rubitherm are located inside the cubicle, between the alveolar brick and the plaster plastering in order to increase the thermal inertia of the wall (in the southern and western walls and the roof). Figure 7 presents the alveolar brick. The most important properties of the alveolar brick and SP-25 A8 are shown in Table 3 and Table 4. Figure 7. Alveolar brick. Table 3. Physical properties of the alveolar brick. Alveolar brick Heat transmittance (W/m 2 K).66 Thickness (mm) 29 Table 4. Physical properties of SP-25 A8. Units SP-25 A8 Melting point ºC 26 Congealing point ºC 25 Heat Storage Capacity kj/kg 18 Density kg/l 1.38 Specific Heat capacity kj/kg K 2.5 Heat conductivity W/m K.6 3

4 Figure 8 shows one demonstration cubicle built with alveolar brick, before finishing is added Instrumentation and registered data Figure 8. Alveolar brick cubicles. To evaluate the thermal performance of each material the following data were registered for each cubicle. Wall temperature (east, west, north, south internal, south external, roof and floor). Internal ambient temperature (1.5 m) and humidity. Heat flux at the south wall (inside and outside) (using Hukseflux HFP1 heat flux sensors). Electrical consumption of the heat pump. Solar radiation (using a pyranometre available in a nearby meteorological station). External ambient temperature and humidity Experiments performed The experimental set-up offers the possibility to perform two kinds of tests. Free-floating temperature, where no heating/cooling system is used. The temperature conditions in the cubicles are compared. The ones with PCM are expected to have better behavior. Controlled temperature, where a heat pump is used to set the internal ambient temperature of the cubicle. The energy consumption of the cubicles is compared using different set points. The cubicles using PCM are expected to have lower energy consumptions. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Summer period For the summer period, the energy consumption of the cubicles was studied. Different weeks with similar weather conditions were tested with different set points. Figure 9 and Figure 1 shows the comparison of PU and RT27+PU cubicles for the first week of June, where a set point of 16 ºC was used. From the beginning of the week the energy consumption of the Reference cubicle is higher than the one from the PU and RT27+PU cubicles. The PU and the RT27+PU cubicles have almost the same energy consumption, presenting no improvements the cubicle with PCM. On the other hand, the Alveolar cubicle consumption is significantly lower than that of the SP25+Alveolar cubicle. 4

5 Energy Set point 16 ºC Energy Set point 16 ºC /6/28 4/6/28 5/6/28 6/6/28 7/6/28 8/6/28 Reference PU RT27+PU Figure 9. Accumulated energy consumption brick cubicles. Set point 16 ºC. 3/6/28 4/6/28 5/6/28 6/6/28 7/6/28 8/6/28 Alveolar SP25+Alveolar Figure 1. Accumulated energy consumption alveolar cubicles. Set point 16 ºC. Very low set points (like 16 ºC) do not favour the PCM operation since the phase change range is much higher than the set point and the PCM is sensitive to the inside temperature due to its location inside the wall. In these cases the energy consumption of the cubicles is not improved by the use of PCM (Table 5). The energy consumption in the PU and RT27+PU cubicles is practically the same, which demonstrates that both heat pumps have very similar COP. On the other hand, the energy consumption of the SP25+Alveolar cubicle is significantly higher than the one of the Alveolar cubicle, probably due to a lower COP which results in higher energy consumptions. Table 5. Accumulated energy consumption and savings for the different cubicles. Energy Consumption 1 Energy Savings 2 Energy Savings 2 (%) Improvement 3 (%) Reference PU RT27+PU Alveolar SP25+Alveolar Set point of 16 ºC during 6 days 2 Referred to the Reference cubicle 3 Referred to the cubicle with analogue constructive solution and without PCM The results for the experiments with a set point of 2 ºC are presented in Figure 11 and Figure 12. For the conventional brick cubicles, an important difference in the energy consumption between the Reference and the PU and RT27+PU cubicles is observed. Both insulated cubicles prevents the heat pump to start for the first two days of the experiments, while the heat pump of the Reference cubicle is working during all the experiment, reaching an energy consumption about 3 times higher. Moreover, the RT27+PU cubicle achieves a reduction of the energy consumption of about 5 % compared to the PU one (Table 6). On the other hand, for the alveolar brick cubicles the energy consumption in higher in the SP25+Alveolar cubicle than in the Alveolar one (Table 6). This may be caused by the different COP of the heat pumps already observed in the experiments with a set point of 16 ºC. A COP correction can be done forcing the same energy consumption for both Alveolar and SP25+Alveolar cubicles when using a set point of 16 ºC. In that case the results for the experiment using a set point of 2 ºC show a reduction of the energy consumption in the SP25+Alveolar cubicle of about 5 %. 5

6 Energy Set point 2 ºC 17/6/28 18/6/28 19/6/28 2/6/28 21/6/28 22/6/28 Reference PU RT27+PU Figure 11. Accumulated energy consumption brick cubicles. Set point 2 ºC. Energy Set point 2 ºC 17/6/28 18/6/28 19/6/28 2/6/28 21/6/28 22/6/28 Alveolar SP25+Alveolar Figure 12. Accumulated energy consumption alveolar cubicles. Set point 2 ºC. Table 6. Accumulated energy consumption and savings for the different cubicles Energy Consumption 1 Energy Savings 2 Energy Savings 2 (%) Improvement 3 (%) Reference PU RT27+PU Alveolar SP25+Alveolar Set point of 2 ºC during 6 days 2 Refered to the Reference cubicle 3 Refered to the cubicle with analogue constructive solution and without PCM Figure 13 and Figure 14 present the results of the controlled temperature experiments using a set point of 24 ºC. The accumulated energy consumption of the Reference cubicle is higher than all the other cubicles. The RT27+PU cubicle is the one with the lowest energy consumption while the SP25+Alveolar cubicle is the second one, consuming even less energy than the PU cubicle. Finally, the Alveolar cubicle is the one that more energy consumes after the Reference cubicle. Energy Set point 24 ºC 27/8/28 28/8/28 29/8/28 3/8/28 31/8/28 Reference PU RT27+PU Figure 13. Accumulated energy consumption brick cubicles. Set point 24 ºC. Energy Set point 24 ºC 27/8/28 28/8/28 29/8/28 3/8/28 31/8/28 Alveolar SP25+Alveolar Figure 14. Accumulated energy consumption alveolar cubicles. Set point 24 ºC. A moderate set point (like 24 ºC) favours the PCM working conditions, since the inside temperature is close to the phase change range. Both PCM cubicles reduced the energy consumption compared with the same cubicle without PCM. The RT27+PU cubicle achieved a reduction of 15 % compared to the PU cubicle, while the SP25+Alveolar cubicle reached a 17 % of energy savings compared to the Alveolar one (Table 7). If the COP correction is done 6

7 for the SP25+Alveolar cubicle, the improvement in the energy consumption increases up to 3 %. Table 7. Accumulated energy consumption and savings for the different cubicles Energy Consumption 1 Energy Savings 2 Energy Savings 2 (%) Improvement 3 (%) Reference PU RT27+PU Alveolar SP25+Alveolar Set point of 24 ºC during 5 days 2 Referred to the Reference cubicle 3 Referred to the cubicle with analogue constructive solution and without PCM 3.2. Winter period The effect of the PCM during winter season was evaluated in the experimental set-up during a free-floating temperature test. Figure 15 shows the inside ambient temperature of the brick and alveolar brick cubicles. In the second week of December the temperature was very low, never reaching 15 ºC (Figure 15a). The inside temperature in the RT27+PU cubicle follows the same tendency as in the PU cubicle with a higher absolute value. At the beginning of the week the temperatures were almost the same but the difference increased to.4 ºC at the end of the week. Similar results were observed in January, February and March with temperature differences around.3 ºC, especially during the cold hours of the day. This effect can be caused by the low thermal conductivity of the PCM (.2 W/m K), which works as insulation. Referring to the Alveolar and SP25+Alveolar cubicles, Figure 15b presents the data of the outside and inside temperatures during the second week of December. A similar effect as in the brick cubicles is observed. Although the temperature of both cubicles presents the same tendency, the SP25+Alveolar one is between.1 ºC and.5 ºC warmer than the Alveolar. Similar results are obtained for January, February and March. In those cases the effect is more visible at the beginning of the week and decreases with time. Temperature (ºC) /12/27 11/12/27 13/12/27 15/12/27 17/12/27 Inside PU Inside RT27+PU 19/12/27 21/12/27 23/12/ /12/27 11/12/27 13/12/27 15/12/27 17/12/27 19/12/27 Inside Alveolar Inside SP25+Alveolar 21/12/27 a) Brick cubicles b) Alveolar cubicles Figure 15. Comparison of the inside temperatures of brick and alveolar brick cubicles for December. Temperature (ºC) 23/12/27 7

8 4. CONCLUSIONS In this work the benefits of using PCM in conventional and alveolar brick construction are studied. Both free-floating temperatures and energy consumptions are analyzed for summer and winter periods. The set point used plays a key role in the working conditions of the PCM and therefore in the thermal behaviour and the energy consumption of the cubicle. The location of the PCM, closer to the inside, makes it more sensitive to the set point used. For very low set points (16 ºC) no improvements were observed in the PCM cubicles, since the phase change temperature of the PCM is much higher than the set point (about 27 ºC). When using low set points (2 ºC) a small reduction of the energy consumption was observed (about 5 %), while moderate set points (24 ºC) improve the working conditions of the PCM since the temperature is much closer to the phase change range. In that case a reduction of the energy consumption about 15 % is achieved. The experimental results of the winter period showed a positive effect of the PCM. The increase of the insulation effect introduced by the PCM results in warmer temperatures inside the PCM cubicles, especially during the cold hours of the day. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work was partially funded by the Spanish government (project ENE C2-1/CON) and in collaboration with the companies Synthesia, Honeywell, Gremi de Rajolers, Hispalyt, Prefabricats Lacoma, Cerámicas Sampedro and Cityhall of Puigverd de Lleida. Dr. Marc Medrano would like to thank the Spanish Ministery of Education and Science for his Ramon y Cajal research appointment. REFERENCES Banu D., Feldman D., Haghighat F., Paris J., Hawes D., Energy-storing wallboard: flammability tests, Journal of Materials and Civil Engineering 1 (1998) Cabeza L. F., Castellón C., Nogués M., Medrano M., Leppers R., Zubillaga O., Use of microencapsulated PCM in concrete walls for energy savings, Energy and Buildings 39 (27) Hauer A., Mehling H., Schossig P., Yamaha M., Cabeza L.F., Martin V., Setterwall F., International energy agency implementing agreement on energy conservation through energy storage, Annex 17 Final report, 25. Khudhair A.M., Farid M.M., A review on energy conservation in building applications with thermal storage by latent heat using phase change materials, Energy Conversion and management 45 (24) Salyer I.O., Sircar A.K., Chartoff R.P., Miller D.E., Advanced phase change materials for passive solar storage applications, in: Proceedings of the 2th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Warrendale, PA, USA, (1985), pp Shapiro M., Feldman D., Hawes D., Banu D., PCM thermal storage in drywall using organic phase change material, Passive Solar Journal 4 (1987) Zalba B., Marín J.M., Cabeza L.F., Mehling H., Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications, Applied Thermal Engineering 23 (23)

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