Astronomy Test #1 Spring 2013 Instructor: D. Zirzow

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1 stronomy Test #1 Spring 2013 Instructor:. Zirzow NSWER KEY Name: SI: Please legibly write your name and student I. There are 40 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions. For each multiple choice question, select the one best answer and write it legibly in the blank to the left of the question number. Each question is worth 2 points. 1. The ecliptic crosses the celestial equator at ) two points, known as solstices. ) one point only, known as the vernal equinox. ) the meridian. ) two points, known as equinoxes. 2. light-year is a measure of ) arc length along an orbit. ) expansion rate of the universe. ) distance. ) time. 3. When we watch the nighttime sky, we find that ) the stars and constellations remain fixed in our sky, not rising or setting in a time as short as one night because they are so far away. ) stars and constellations slowly rise in the west, pass overhead, and set in the east. ) all stars and constellations reach their highest point in the sky at midnight. ) stars and constellations slowly rise in the east, pass overhead, and set in the west. 4. Kepler showed that the orbits of the planets are ) Elliptical ) ircular ) Parabolic ) Straight lines 5. Place the following in order of increasing distance from the ERTH. ) Sun, Moon, other galaxies, other stars ) Moon, Sun, other stars, other galaxies ) Moon, Sun, other galaxies, other stars ) Moon, other galaxies, Sun, other stars

2 6. The reason the Moon always keeps one face toward Earth is that ) the impact of asteroids on the Moon early in its history slowed its rotation rate. ) gravitational forces from the Sun act on the tidal bulge of the Moon. ) the Moon was spinning this way when it was formed and has maintained this rotation. ) gravitational forces from Earth act on the tidal bulge of the Moon. 7. How much of the total surface of the Moon is illuminated by the Sun when it is at quarter phase? ) one half ) very little ) all of it ) one quarter 8. The nightly motion of objects across the sky is caused by the ) revolution of Earth around the Sun. ) rotation of the whole celestial sphere of stars around the fixed Earth. ) rotation of the Earth on its axis. ) of the solar system around the galaxy. 9. Frequency is measured in ) angstroms ) nanometers ) kilometers per second ) Hertz 10. Kepler's second law states that a planet moves fastest when it ) passes through the minor axis. ) is furthest from the Sun. ) is closest to the Sun. ) is at conjunction. 11. ccording to the scientific method, a hypothesis that is proposed to explain a particular physical phenomenon is considered to be wrong if ) leading scientists in the world believe that it is wrong. ) it is in conflict with the results of just one reliable and repeatable observation. ) it appears to defy logic and logical reasoning. ) it disagrees with the accepted theory at the time of the proposal.

3 12. What is the phase of the Moon during a total solar eclipse? ) full ) crescent ) new ) first quarter 13. Why do we see different phases of the Moon? ) The motion of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth causes us to see different amounts of the Earth's shadow falling on the Moon. ) The motion of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth causes us to see different amounts of the sunlit side of the Moon. ) The distance of the Moon from the Earth changes because of the elliptical orbit of the Moon, causing the sunlit side of the Moon to move relative to the Earth. ) The rotation of the Moon around its own axis causes us to see different amounts of the sunlit side of the Moon. 14. The main reason for building large optical telescopes on Earth's surface is ) to collect more light from faint objects. ) for national prestige with no scientific reason. ) bring astronomical objects closer for more detailed examination by scientists. ) to magnify images of objects and produce higher resolution photographs. 15. What is the correct order of these kinds of electromagnetic radiation, from shortest to longest wavelength? ) light, infrared, radio waves, X-rays ) infrared, radio waves, light, X-rays ) X-rays, light, infrared, radio waves ) radio waves, infrared, light, X-rays 16. Suppose that at the same time on the same night we see one supernova (a star exploding) in the ndromeda galaxy, 2 million light-years away from us, and another in the galaxy M82, 6 million light-years away from us. Which of the following statements is correct? ) oth stars exploded at the same time, because we saw the explosions at the same time. ) We cannot tell which star actually exploded first, because they are so far away. ) The supernova in the ndromeda galaxy actually occurred before the one in M82. ) The supernova in the ndromeda galaxy actually occurred after the one in M82.

4 17. Kepler found that the square of a planet's is related to the cube of its ) mass, period ) period, semi-major axis ) rotation rate, mass ) radius, rotation rate 18. The Earth's shadow falling on the Moon is the reason we see ) solar eclipses. ) The Earth's shadow cannot fall on the Moon. ) lunar eclipses. ) the phases of the Moon. 19. ristarchus argued for a heliocentric model while ristotle favored a fixed Earth. One of ristotle s arguments was that if the Earth were moving the stars would show parallax. Which of the following is true? ) Parallax had in fact been measured, but ristotle ignored the evidence ) Stellar parallax is much too small to have been measured then sometimes theories change based on better data ) The debate should have been settled by what the public generally believed ) If you believe in a fixed Earth, you should not look for evidence for an alternative explanation 20. toms in a thin, hot gas (such as a neon advertising sign) emit light at ) specific wavelengths, depending on the element. ) all wavelengths, with the shape of the continuum distribution depending on the temperature of the gas. ) only visible wavelengths. ) only a specific single wavelength. 21. Which of the following is TRUE? ) The Solar ay is longer than the Sidereal ay ) The Moon is visible only at night ) Phases of the Moon are caused by its passing into Earth s shadow ) Seasons are due to the changing distance between the Earth and Sun 22. uring a solar eclipse, the ) Sun comes between the Earth and the Moon. ) Moon comes between the Earth and the Sun. ) Sun goes below the horizon. ) Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon.

5 23. ccording to Newton's laws, a force must be acting whenever ) an object is moving with some speed. ) an object's position changes. ) time passes. ) the direction of an object's motion changes. 24. The celestial equator is defined as the ) line in the sky that is perpendicular to the Earth's spin axis. ) line traced in our sky by the Moon each month against the background stars. ) line traced in our sky by the Sun over one year against the background stars. ) band of constellations through which the Sun and Moon move in our sky. 25. Why did the heliocentric model eventually displace the geocentric model as the accepted model for the Solar System? ) ecause the majority of people already believed in it during opernicus time ) ecause the leaders of Western countries advocated it at that time ) ecause it provided a simpler explanation for the planets orbits ) ecause the scientists who advocated it were better funded 26. Which is NOT a property of objects with a black-body spectrum? ) The radiation is over a range of wavelengths ) n object with a blue color is hotter than one with a red color ) If the object's temperature doubles, the energy emitted each second increases by 16 ) If the object gives off visible light, it cannot be giving off infrared radiation as well 27. Which of the following is FLSE about precession? ) It is due to the gravitational pull of the Moon on the Earth's bulge ) It causes the slight difference between the lengths of the sidereal and tropical years ) The seasons are caused by the precession of the Earth s axis ) Vega will be our Pole Star thousands of years from now 28. One astronomical unit, or one U is defined as the ) distance traveled by light in one year. ) mean distance between the Sun and the Earth. ) distance from which Earth-Sun distance will subtend an angle of one arcsecond. ) distance traveled by light in one second.

6 29. The phenomenon of parallax is the ) change in the position of an object in the sky as a consequence of its motion. ) change in apparent position of a nearby object as the observer moves. ) apparent change in angular size of an object as it moves directly away from an observer. ) change in direction of motion of a planet from retrograde to direct motion. 30. We can occasionally see a total eclipse of the Sun on Earth because ) the Moon is cooler than the Sun. ) the angular sizes of Sun and Moon, when viewed from Earth, are almost the same. ) the physical sizes of Sun and Moon are almost the same. ) both the Moon and Sun move precisely along the ecliptic plane. 31. ccording to Wien s law, the hottest stars also have ) the shortest peak wavelength ) the longest peak wavelength ) maximum emission in the infrared region of the spectrum ) the largest diameters 32. What is the phase of the Moon during a total lunar eclipse? ) new ) gibbous ) full ) first quarter 33. In single-telescope astronomical systems, either optical or radio, the ) longer the focal length of the primary mirror, the sharper the image. ) longer the wavelength, the sharper the image. ) smaller the main-mirror aperture in general, the sharper the image. ) larger the main mirror aperture in general, the sharper the image. 34. oppler effect is the change in the wavelength of light caused by the source ) being within a high gravitational field. ) being in an intense magnetic field. ) being embedded in a cloud of dust and gas. ) moving with respect to the observer.

7 35. ccording to Newton's Law of Gravity, if the mass of the Earth were doubled, but the mass of the Moon and the distance between them stayed the same, then the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon would be ) half as strong ) twice as strong ) one-fourth as strong ) four times as strong 36. Which of the following objects cannot transit (pass in front of) the Sun when viewed from Earth? ) Mars ) Venus ) The Moon ) Mercury 37. Mars moves in an elliptical orbit around the Sun. The location of the Sun relative to this ellipse is at ) the focus that is closer to the point where Mars is moving the slowest. ) one end of the major axis of the ellipse. ) the exact center of the ellipse. ) the focus that is closer to the point where Mars moves the fastest. 38. With respect to the stars, the rotation of the Earth carries you toward the ) south ) east ) west ) north 39. Which of the following statements correctly states the significance of Galileo's observation that Jupiter has satellites (moons)? ) It was interesting but had no particular significance. ) It showed that bodies can orbit an object other than Earth. ) It showed that Jupiter must be four times the size of Earth (since Jupiter has four moons and Earth has one). ) It showed that Jupiter must orbit around the Sun, not around Earth. 40. Twice per year, when day and night are equal in length, the Sun is at one of two positions in the sky known as equinoxes. These points are the intersections of which two planes in the sky? ) ecliptic and celestial meridian ) ecliptic and arctic circle ) celestial meridian and celestial equator ) celestial equator and ecliptic

8 Short nswer irections: Please write answers to the questions in the space provided. Use clear English sentences to explain your answers. You may also use pictures to clarify your answers if necessary. 1. (4 points) escribe one reason why it is useful to have telescopes in space. Launching telescopes into space has several advantages (and also disadvantages) over building them on the ground. The primary advantage of using a telescope in space is that you don't have to look through the Earth's atmosphere. The Earth's atmosphere is not transparent across the electromagnetic spectrum making some types of telescopes useless on the ground. The atmosphere also blurs images taken with ground based telescopes. Launching telescopes into space eliminates these problems cause by our atmosphere. 2. (4 points) What are constellations? How are they useful to astronomers? onstellations are patterns of stars in the sky. There are 88 constellations currently in use and they serve several purposes. The primary use of constellations is in naming stars in the sky. right stars have names that are based on the constellation they are found in. lso, constellations are useful in locating known objects in the sky based on which constellation they belong to. 3. (4 points) Is the far side of the Moon (the side that can never be seen) the same as the dark side of the Moon? Explain. No. s the Moon orbits the Earth it always shows the same face due to synchronous rotation. The side of the Moon we cannot see is called the far side of the Moon, but this face is not always dark. Rather, the far side of the Moon is illuminated by various amounts during the lunar cycle, just as the side we see is illuminated by various amounts throughout the lunar cycle. Remember, with exception to lunar eclipses, 50% of the Moon is LWYS illuminated. For example: uring New Moon, the side of the Moon we see is not illuminated, but the far side of the Moon is fully illuminated.

9 4. (4 points) Which planets can never be seen at midnight and why? Inferior planets (Mercury and Venus) cannot be seen at midnight. This is because inferior planets appear to be the furthest from the Sun in the sky at greatest elongation. t midnight the Sun crosses the lower meridian, which is below the horizon. The inferior planets are close to the Sun in the sky at midnight and thus are also below the horizon as well. ecause of this geometry inferior planets are most visible after sunset or before sunrise at their respective greatest elongations. 5. (4 points) What is the oppler effect? Why is it important to astronomers? The oppler effect is the shift in wavelength or frequency of light caused by the relative motion between a s light source and an observer. If the observer and light source are moving closer then the wavelengths are shorter (blueshifted). If the observer and light source are moving away from each other then the wavelengths are longer (redshifted). The oppler shift is important to astronomers because the effect can be used to determine the motions of planets, stars, nebulae, and galaxies through space. Knowing how objects in the Universe move is a very important aspect of astronomy. Extra redit (5 points): Using a labeled diagram, explain why the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the Earth's orbit causes the seasons as we orbit the Sun. See Figure 2-12 in your textbook.

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