Dynamic Variables. Pointers. Table of Contents. Static Variables. Dynamic Variables. Example of Pointers. 4. Pointers. 4. Pointers
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1 Pointers 1 Dynamic Variables 2 Table of Contents Dynamic Variables Pointer Declaration Pointer References Pointer Manipulation Addressing: Direct & Indirect Record Pointers Arrays of Pointers Pointer Expressions Dynamic Srage Dynamic Memory Problems Reference Variables Static Variables Size is fixed throughout execution Size is known at compile time Space/memory is allocated at execution Dynamic Variables Created during execution "dynamic allocation" No space allocated at compilation time Size may vary Structures are created and destroyed during execution. Knowledge of structure size not needed Memory is not wasted by non-used allocated space. Srage is required for addresses. Example of Pointers Assume: Houses represent data Addresses represent the locations of the houses. Notice: To get a house you must have an address. No houses can exist without addresses. An address can exist without a house (vacant lot / NULL )
2 Pointer Declaration 3 Pointer References 4 Pointer Type Simple type of variables for sring the memory addresses of other memory locations Pointer Variables Declarations The asterisk * character is used for variable declarations: float iptr; *fptr, fptr2; iptr is a an integer fptr is a a real Given the declaration: Declares iptr1 be a variable, but is a simple integer variable. Equivalent declaration: typedef int *intptr; intptr iptr1; Declare all variables in separate declaration statements. Pointer Type Definitions: int recommended form not a common common declaration declaration iptr1; ; iptr1, ; not a strong strong type type declaration declaration (preferred) (preferred) Address Operar: & (ampersand) Unary operar that returns the hardware memory location address of it s operand. Given: Address Assignment: Dereference / Indirection Operar: * (asterisk) unary operar that returns the memory contents at the address contained in the variable. Pointer Output: (Possible) results: int numa = 1; numb = 2; iptr1; ; numa, numb; iptr1 = &numa; = &numb; cout << iptr1 << *iptr1 << endl; cout << << * << endl; 0xF x3B9ACA00 2
3 Pointer References 5 Pointer Manipulation 6 NULL Pointer Pointer constant, address 0 Named constant in the <stddef.h> include header (<cstddef> new style header). Represents the empty points nowhere, unique /address value Symbolic/graphic representations: Pointer Diagrams Given (text/code representation) Graphic representation #include <stddef.h> void main() { iptr1 = NULL; = NULL; int numa, numb; numa = 1; numb = 2; } Pointer Assignments iptr1 1 numa numb 2 Illegal: *NULL #1 iptr1 = &numa; = &numb; iptr1 numa 1 numb 2 #2 * = *iptr1-1; = iptr1; * = 3 ; iptr1 numa 3 numb 0 #3 = *iptr1; *iptr1 = ; * = int();
4 Addressing: Direct & Indirect 7 Record Pointers 8 Direct Addressing normal variable access non- variables represent one-level of addressing non- variables are addresses memory locations containing data values. compilers sre variable information in a symbol table : Pointers structures: Given: const int f3size = 20; typedef struct { int field1; float field2; char field3[f3size]; } rectype; typedef rectype *recptr; symbol type address x int 0xF4240 iptr (int) 0xF4241 rectype rec1 = {1, , pi }; recptr r1ptr; r1ptr = &rec1; compilers replace non- variables with their addresses & fetch/sre operations during code generation. Indirect Addressing accessing a memory location s contents thru a variables represent two-levels of addressing variables are addresses memory locations containing addresses. compilers replace variables with their addresses & double fetch/sre operations during code generation. indirect indirect addressing addressing required required dereference dereference variable. variable. x = 28; iptr = &x; MEMORY address contents 0xF4239??? 0xF xF4241 0xF4240 0xF4242??? Member Access Field Access Examples: cout << (*r1ptr).field1 << (*r1ptr).field2 << (*r1ptr).field3; Errors: cout << *r1ptr.field1 << *r1ptr.field2 << *r1ptr.field3; Arrow Operar Short-hand notation: cout << r1ptr->field1 << r1ptr->field2 << r1ptr->field3; parenthesis parenthesis required required due due operar operar precedence; precedence; without without compiler compiler attempts attempts dereference dereference fields. fields. -> -> is is an an ANSI ANSI C C member member selection selection operar. operar. Equivalent Equivalent : : (*).member (*).member
5 Arrays of Pointers 9 Pointer Expressions 10 Declarations: Given: Member Access Field Access Examples: Arrow Operar Short-hand notation: const int size = 20; struct rectype { int field1; float field2; char field3[size]; }; typedef rectype *recptr; rectype recptr rec1 = {1, , pi }; rayptrs[size]; rayptrs[size-1] = &rec1; cout << (*rayptrs[size-1]).field1 << (*rayptrs[size-1]).field2 << (*rayptrs[size-1]).field3; cout << rayptrs[size-1]->field1 << rayptrs[size-1]->field2 << rayptrs[size-1]->field3; Arrays == Pointers Given: Non-indexed Array variables are considered s in C Array names as s contain the address of the zero element (termed the base address of the array). equivalent assignments Pointer Indexing All s can be indexed, (logically meaningful only if the references an array). Example: Logical Expressions NULL tests: Equivalence Tests: const int size = 20; char name[size]; char *person; person = name; person = &name[0]; person[0] = ; person[size-2] =. ; preferred check if (!person) //true if (person == NULL) if (person == name) //true if s reference //the same memory address Does Does not not create create a a copy, copy, (no (no memory memory allocation) allocation) types types must must be be identical identical
6 Dynamic Srage 11 Allocating Arrays 12 Heap (Free Sre, Free Memory) Area of memory reserved by the compiler for allocating & deallocating a program during execution. Operations: Allocation char* name; typecasts required iptr; // C++ // C name = new char; name = (char *) malloc(sizeof(char)); iptr = new int [20]; iptr = (int *) malloc(20 * sizeof(int)); //initialization name = new char ( A ); dynamic array allocation Deallocation //C++ C++ function C new type allocation malloc(# bytes) delete deallocation free NULL is returned if the heap is empty. // C delete name; free(name); delete [] iptr; //delete [20] iptr ; Pointers are undefined after deallocation. Declaration Syntax int Size; cin >> Size; // dynamic value char* Name = new char[size];// use as array dim Scores; Scores = new int[size]; Size = 4 * Size + 1; // does NOT change array Effect of array allocation via new Scores Address returned by new; value of Score Srage space is allocated contiguously in memory 3F42740 Address 3F F F F4274C 3F42750 Index
7 Allocating Arrays Cont d 13 Resizing an Array 14 Use like any statically-allocated array strcpy(name, Fred G Flintsne ); for (int Idx = 0; Idx < Size; Size++) Scores[Idx] = 0; SortScores(Scores, Size); Deallocation // static size delete [] Name; delete [] Scores; delete [20] Scores; // including dim is optional // and has no effect Failure explicitly delete a dynamic variable will result in that memory not being returned the system, even if the it goes out of scope. This is called a memory leak and is evidence of poor program implementation. Resizing a dynamically-allocated array // create new array newarray = new int[newsize]; // copy contents of old array in new one for (int Idx = 0; Idx < oldcapacity; Idx++) newarray[idx] = Scores[Idx]; // delete old array delete [] Scores; // retarget old array new array Scores = newarray; // clean up alias newarray = NULL; If large dynamic structures are used (or lots of little ones), a memory leak can result in depletion of available memory.
8 Dynamic Memory Problems Given: Garbage Previously allocated memory that is inaccessible thru any program s or structures. Example: iptr1 *iptr1 Aliases typedef int *intptr; intptr iptr1, ; iptr1 = new int (6); iptr1 = NULL; before during after Two or more s referencing the same memory location. Example: iptr1 = new int (6); = iptr1; iptr1? Reference Variables Reference Variable Declarations The ampersand & character is used for reference variable declarations: int& iptr; float &fptr1, &fptr2; Pointer Differences Reference variables do NOT use the address and dereference operars (& *). Compiler dereferences reference variables transparently. Reference variables are constant addresses, assignment can only occur as initialization or as parameter passing, reassignment is NOT allowed. Examples: char achar = A ; char& chref = achar; //char* chptr = &achar; Reference Reference variables variables are are aliases aliases for for variables. variables. 16 Dangling References Pointers that reference memory locations previously deallocated. iptr1? Example: iptr1 = new int (6); = iptr1; delete iptr1;? memory memory leaks leaks Purpose chref = B ; //achar = B ; //*chptr = B ; Frees programmers from explicitly dereferencing accessing, (in the same way non variables do). Cleans up the syntax for standard C arguments and parameters.
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