Populations. Population genetics. Modern Evolutionary Synthesis. Outline. Blending Inheritance Example. Lesson: Evolution in more detail
|
|
- Maximilian Allen
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Population genetics Populations Group of individuals of the same species in a given area All of the genes in a population = their gene pool All alleles at all loci Evolution in more detail Outline 1. Modern Evolutionary Synthesis 2. Individuals live or die, but POPULATIONS evolve 3. Mechanisms of Evolution Modern Evolutionary Synthesis In Darwin s time, only one person had figured out how inheritance works Mendel s work was not widely known Darwin knew less about the mechanisms of genetics than you do! This gap caused difficulties for understanding Evolution by N.S. In particular, if you assume blending inheritance, N.S. seems not to work.?!!! Blending Inheritance Example Large population of 20mph bunnies Lesson: If inheritance happens by blending, rare variants will get diluted over time - useful variation cannot be preserved for long. 1
2 Particulate (Mendelian) inheritance 30mph bunny x 20mph bunny Lesson 30 mph bunnies can become more common if they survive or reproduce better (without losing speed through blending). Mendelian inheritance allows N.S. to work. What happens if rare variant is due to a new allele? Common allele: b 20 Rare allele: b 30 (assume it s dominant for this example) Now you re talking! Modern Evolutionary Synthesis or Neodarwinism Modern Evolutionary Synthesis or Neodarwinism, summarized Darwin gathered extensive evidence on geographical patterns of biodiversity, on variation in domestic and wild animals, and on artificial selection. But it s a big planet out there. In the 50 years after the publication of the Origin of Species, many paleontologists, biogeographers, population geneticists and others made more intensive studies. Those studies, together with the rediscovery of Mendel s papers on genetics, led to a new, more complete understanding of evolution Darwin, Wallace (Natural Selection) + Mendel (Genetics) + Wright, Fisher (Population Genetics) + Mayr, others (Biogeography, Paleontology) = Modern Evolutionary Synthesis - a more complete understanding of how evolution proceeds in the wild. Macro- vs. Micro- Evolution Macroevolution - change that results in the formation of new species, new taxonomic groups, evolutionary trends, adaptive radiation, and mass extinction. Microevolution: the generation-togeneration change in the frequency of alleles in a population Evolution at its smallest scale The core definition of evolution Ë Microevolutionary changes give rise to macroevolution Mechanisms of Evolution: How do allele frequencies change? I am convinced that Natural Selection has been the most important, but not the exclusive, means of modification - Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species 2
3 Mechanisms of Evolution Why does the allele frequency in a population change? Genetic drift Natural selection Gene flow Mutation Mech. of Evol. (1) Genetic Drift Changes in a population s allele frequencies due to chance Is genetic drift a form of evolution? Drift can cause rapid change in small populations A problem when populations get too small Related issues with small populations Bottleneck effect Founder effect Bottleneck effect Survivors after large reductions in populations do not represent the gene pool as well as before the reduction Reduced genetic variability + drift lead to changes in allele frequencies that are not necessarily adaptive Fig Founder effect When a few individuals colonize a new area, they represent the entire gene pool Reduced genetic variability + drift lead to changes in allele frequencies that are not necessarily adaptive Cheetah Polydactyly due to Ellis-van Creveld syndrome Mech. Of Evol. (2) Natural Selection Natural selection: differential success in survival and reproduction N.S. leads to populations becoming better adapted to their environments (adaptation) N.S. works most powerfully in large populations (effect of drift is small, and changes due to N.S. are preserved) Fitness No, not the body-builder kind Darwinian fitness: an individual s contribution to the gene pool of the next generation compared to the contribution by others This is what biologists really mean when they talk about survival of the fittest 3
4 Natural selection acts on The population? The individual? The phenotype? The genotype? Modes of selection Three ways that natural selection affects the frequency of heritable traits Directional selection Diversifying (disruptive) selection Stabilizing selection Modes of selection (2) It is Possible to Measure Natural Selection in the Wild. Fig Darwin s term Sexual selection a form of Natural Selection Why is there sexual dimorphism? If natural selection is so powerful, how come we re not perfect already? Evolution is limited by history or ancestry Adaptations are often compromises Not all evolution is adaptive Selection can only edit existing variation 4
5 Mechanisms of Evol. (3): Mutation Mech. Of Evol. (4): Gene Flow Mutations are the origin of all differences between alleles But mutations are rare So mutations must still spread by drift or selection if they are going to impact allele frequencies in a population Sickle cell anemia is the result of a single point mutation Migration of individuals can change allele frequencies in a population Mechanisms of Evolution: Summary Drift and Natural Selection seem to be the most powerful forces in natural populations Drift is important in very small populations Natural Selection is important in all other populations, and is especially powerful over long time periods. Hardy-Weinberg theorem What would the gene pool (and thus the gene frequency) of a NON-evolving population look like? In 1908, Hardy and Weinberg independently developed this idea The frequencies of alleles in gene pool remain constant over generations unless they are acted upon by things other than segregation in meiosis and random fertilization In a state of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium Allele frequency in a gene pool Evolution is measured as changes in gene frequency Allele frequency in a non-evolving gene pool Using the same example as before, what do the offspring look like? Fig. 23.3a Fig. 23.3b 5
6 Hardy-Weinberg Equation p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 p = frequency of allele 1 q = frequency of allele 2 Using this equation, you can calculate frequencies of alleles in a non-evolving gene pool Hardy-Weinberg assumptions Very large population size No migration No mutations Random mating No natural selection How realistic are these conditions? Assumptions of HWE 1. Large population size 2. No migration 3. No mutation 4. Random mating 5. No selection Deviation from HW assumptions usually means allele frequencies are changing between generations - Evolution is happening HWE is more interesting when absent! 6
Biology 1406 - Notes for exam 5 - Population genetics Ch 13, 14, 15
Biology 1406 - Notes for exam 5 - Population genetics Ch 13, 14, 15 Species - group of individuals that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring; genetically similar 13.7, 14.2 Population
More informationSummary. 16 1 Genes and Variation. 16 2 Evolution as Genetic Change. Name Class Date
Chapter 16 Summary Evolution of Populations 16 1 Genes and Variation Darwin s original ideas can now be understood in genetic terms. Beginning with variation, we now know that traits are controlled by
More informationPrinciples of Evolution - Origin of Species
Theories of Organic Evolution X Multiple Centers of Creation (de Buffon) developed the concept of "centers of creation throughout the world organisms had arisen, which other species had evolved from X
More informationEvolution, Natural Selection, and Adaptation
Evolution, Natural Selection, and Adaptation Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. (Theodosius Dobzhansky) Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Voyage of HMS Beagle (1831-1836) Thinking
More informationA Hands-On Exercise To Demonstrate Evolution
HOW-TO-DO-IT A Hands-On Exercise To Demonstrate Evolution by Natural Selection & Genetic Drift H ELEN J. YOUNG T RUMAN P. Y OUNG Although students learn (i.e., hear about) the components of evolution by
More informationEvolution (18%) 11 Items Sample Test Prep Questions
Evolution (18%) 11 Items Sample Test Prep Questions Grade 7 (Evolution) 3.a Students know both genetic variation and environmental factors are causes of evolution and diversity of organisms. (pg. 109 Science
More informationContinuous and discontinuous variation
Continuous and discontinuous variation Variation, the small differences that exist between individuals, can be described as being either discontinuous or continuous. Discontinuous variation This is where
More informationLecture 10 Friday, March 20, 2009
Lecture 10 Friday, March 20, 2009 Reproductive isolating mechanisms Prezygotic barriers: Anything that prevents mating and fertilization is a prezygotic mechanism. Habitat isolation, behavioral isolation,
More informationBasic Principles of Forensic Molecular Biology and Genetics. Population Genetics
Basic Principles of Forensic Molecular Biology and Genetics Population Genetics Significance of a Match What is the significance of: a fiber match? a hair match? a glass match? a DNA match? Meaning of
More informationMechanisms of Evolution
page 2 page 3 Teacher's Notes Mechanisms of Evolution Grades: 11-12 Duration: 28 mins Summary of Program Evolution is the gradual change that can be seen in a population s genetic composition, from one
More informationUnderstanding by Design. Title: BIOLOGY/LAB. Established Goal(s) / Content Standard(s): Essential Question(s) Understanding(s):
Understanding by Design Title: BIOLOGY/LAB Standard: EVOLUTION and BIODIVERSITY Grade(s):9/10/11/12 Established Goal(s) / Content Standard(s): 5. Evolution and Biodiversity Central Concepts: Evolution
More informationAP Biology Essential Knowledge Student Diagnostic
AP Biology Essential Knowledge Student Diagnostic Background The Essential Knowledge statements provided in the AP Biology Curriculum Framework are scientific claims describing phenomenon occurring in
More informationGenetics and Evolution: An ios Application to Supplement Introductory Courses in. Transmission and Evolutionary Genetics
G3: Genes Genomes Genetics Early Online, published on April 11, 2014 as doi:10.1534/g3.114.010215 Genetics and Evolution: An ios Application to Supplement Introductory Courses in Transmission and Evolutionary
More informationOkami Study Guide: Chapter 3 1
Okami Study Guide: Chapter 3 1 Chapter in Review 1. Heredity is the tendency of offspring to resemble their parents in various ways. Genes are units of heredity. They are functional strands of DNA grouped
More informationWorksheet: The theory of natural selection
Worksheet: The theory of natural selection Senior Phase Grade 7-9 Learning area: Natural Science Strand: Life and living Theme: Biodiversity, change and continuity Specific Aim 1: Acquiring knowledge of
More informationHardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Problems
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Problems 1. The frequency of two alleles in a gene pool is 0.19 (A) and 0.81(a). Assume that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. (a) Calculate the percentage of
More informationBiology 1406 Exam 4 Notes Cell Division and Genetics Ch. 8, 9
Biology 1406 Exam 4 Notes Cell Division and Genetics Ch. 8, 9 Ch. 8 Cell Division Cells divide to produce new cells must pass genetic information to new cells - What process of DNA allows this? Two types
More informationDeterministic computer simulations were performed to evaluate the effect of maternallytransmitted
Supporting Information 3. Host-parasite simulations Deterministic computer simulations were performed to evaluate the effect of maternallytransmitted parasites on the evolution of sex. Briefly, the simulations
More informationGenetics 1. Defective enzyme that does not make melanin. Very pale skin and hair color (albino)
Genetics 1 We all know that children tend to resemble their parents. Parents and their children tend to have similar appearance because children inherit genes from their parents and these genes influence
More informationEssentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 11 th Edition, 2015 Marieb
A Correlation of Essentials of Human Anatomy Marieb To the Next Generation Science Standards Life A Correlation of, HS-LS1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes HS-LS1-1. Construct an explanation
More informationChapter 3. Chapter Outline. Chapter Outline 9/11/10. Heredity and Evolu4on
Chapter 3 Heredity and Evolu4on Chapter Outline The Cell DNA Structure and Function Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis The Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendel Mendelian Inheritance in Humans Misconceptions
More informationIntroduction to Physical Anthropology - Study Guide - Focus Topics
Introduction to Physical Anthropology - Study Guide - Focus Topics Chapter 1 Species: Recognize all definitions. Evolution: Describe all processes. Culture: Define and describe importance. Biocultural:
More informationBIO 1: Review: Evolution
Name: Class: Date: ID: A BIO 1: Review: Evolution True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. Radiometric dating measures the age of an object by measuring the proportions of radioactive
More informationAP BIOLOGY 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B)
AP BIOLOGY 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) Question 2 Certain human genetic conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, result from single base-pair mutations in DNA. (a) Explain how a single base-pair mutation
More informationChapter 9 Patterns of Inheritance
Bio 100 Patterns of Inheritance 1 Chapter 9 Patterns of Inheritance Modern genetics began with Gregor Mendel s quantitative experiments with pea plants History of Heredity Blending theory of heredity -
More informationAP: LAB 8: THE CHI-SQUARE TEST. Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics
Ms. Foglia Date AP: LAB 8: THE CHI-SQUARE TEST Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics Why do we study random chance and probability at the beginning of a unit on genetics? Genetics is the study of inheritance,
More informationPractice Questions 1: Evolution
Practice Questions 1: Evolution 1. Which concept is best illustrated in the flowchart below? A. natural selection B. genetic manipulation C. dynamic equilibrium D. material cycles 2. The diagram below
More informationProblem Set 5 BILD10 / Winter 2014 Chapters 8, 10-12
Chapter 8: Evolution and Natural Selection 1) A population is: a) a group of species that shares the same habitat. b) a group of individuals of the same species that lives in the same general location
More informationUtah State Office of Education Elementary STEM Endorsement Course Framework Nature of Science and Engineering
Course Description: Utah State Office of Education Elementary STEM Endorsement Course Framework Nature of Science and Engineering In this course participants will experience introductory explorations of
More informationPLANT EVOLUTION DISPLAY Handout
PLANT EVOLUTION DISPLAY Handout Name: TA and Section time Welcome to UCSC Greenhouses. This sheet explains a few botanical facts about plant reproduction that will help you through the display and handout.
More informationBio EOC Topics for Cell Reproduction: Bio EOC Questions for Cell Reproduction:
Bio EOC Topics for Cell Reproduction: Asexual vs. sexual reproduction Mitosis steps, diagrams, purpose o Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis Meiosis steps, diagrams, purpose
More informationLAB : THE CHI-SQUARE TEST. Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics
Period Date LAB : THE CHI-SQUARE TEST Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics Why do we study random chance and probability at the beginning of a unit on genetics? Genetics is the study of inheritance,
More informationPopulation Genetics and Multifactorial Inheritance 2002
Population Genetics and Multifactorial Inheritance 2002 Consanguinity Genetic drift Founder effect Selection Mutation rate Polymorphism Balanced polymorphism Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
More informationMS. Structure, Function, and Information Processing
MIDDLE SCHOOL LIFE SCIENCE Alignment with National Science Standards Use the chart below to find Science A-Z units that best support the Next Generation Science Standards* for Middle School Life Science,
More informationCCR Biology - Chapter 10 Practice Test - Summer 2012
Name: Class: Date: CCR Biology - Chapter 10 Practice Test - Summer 2012 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is the term for a feature
More informationChromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis Inheritance Connection
Chromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis Inheritance Connection Carl Correns 1900 Chapter 13 First suggests central role for chromosomes Rediscovery of Mendel s work Walter Sutton 1902 Chromosomal theory
More informationName Class Date WHAT I KNOW. about how organisms have changed. grown in complexity over time.
History of Life Evolution Q: How do fossils help biologists understand the history of life on Earth? 19.1 How do scientists use fossils to study Earth s history? WHAT I KNOW SAMPLE ANSWER: Fossils give
More informationBasics of Marker Assisted Selection
asics of Marker ssisted Selection Chapter 15 asics of Marker ssisted Selection Julius van der Werf, Department of nimal Science rian Kinghorn, Twynam Chair of nimal reeding Technologies University of New
More information(D) 181-183, 186-187, 190-193 TFYI 187 TPK 190
NEVADA Life Science Content Standards for Grade 8 Life s Structure and Function A From Bacteria to Plants B Animal Diversity C Human Body Systems D OBJECTIVES Content Standard 6.0: Structure and Function
More informationMendelian and Non-Mendelian Heredity Grade Ten
Ohio Standards Connection: Life Sciences Benchmark C Explain the genetic mechanisms and molecular basis of inheritance. Indicator 6 Explain that a unit of hereditary information is called a gene, and genes
More informationChapter 4 Pedigree Analysis in Human Genetics. Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings 2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Chapter 4 Pedigree Analysis in Human Genetics Mendelian Inheritance in Humans Pigmentation Gene and Albinism Fig. 3.14 Two Genes Fig. 3.15 The Inheritance of Human Traits Difficulties Long generation time
More information7A The Origin of Modern Genetics
Life Science Chapter 7 Genetics of Organisms 7A The Origin of Modern Genetics Genetics the study of inheritance (the study of how traits are inherited through the interactions of alleles) Heredity: the
More informationFAQs: Gene drives - - What is a gene drive?
FAQs: Gene drives - - What is a gene drive? During normal sexual reproduction, each of the two versions of a given gene has a 50 percent chance of being inherited by a particular offspring (Fig 1A). Gene
More informationEvolution by Natural Selection 1
Evolution by Natural Selection 1 I. Mice Living in a Desert These drawings show how a population of mice on a beach changed over time. 1. Describe how the population of mice is different in figure 3 compared
More informationCampbell Biology in Focus Correlation for AP Biology Curriculum Framework
Campbell Biology in Focus Correlation for AP Biology Curriculum Framework Chapters/ Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population 5 Application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation 1,
More informationPaternity Testing. Chapter 23
Paternity Testing Chapter 23 Kinship and Paternity DNA analysis can also be used for: Kinship testing determining whether individuals are related Paternity testing determining the father of a child Missing
More informationName: Class: Date: ID: A
Name: Class: _ Date: _ Meiosis Quiz 1. (1 point) A kidney cell is an example of which type of cell? a. sex cell b. germ cell c. somatic cell d. haploid cell 2. (1 point) How many chromosomes are in a human
More informationThe Evolution of Populations
23 he Evolution of Populations Key oncepts 23.1 enetic variation makes evolution possible 23.2 he Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving 23.3 Natural selection, genetic
More informationHigh School Science Course Correlations between Ohio s 2010 Course Syllabi and the First Draft of the High School NGSS
High School Science Course Correlations between Ohio s 2010 Course Syllabi and the First Draft of the High School NGSS This document correlates the content in Ohio s course syllabi with the performance
More informationPopstats Unplugged. 14 th International Symposium on Human Identification. John V. Planz, Ph.D. UNT Health Science Center at Fort Worth
Popstats Unplugged 14 th International Symposium on Human Identification John V. Planz, Ph.D. UNT Health Science Center at Fort Worth Forensic Statistics From the ground up Why so much attention to statistics?
More informationHeredity - Patterns of Inheritance
Heredity - Patterns of Inheritance Genes and Alleles A. Genes 1. A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a special functional product a. Transfer RNA b. Enzyme c. Structural protein d. Pigments 2. Genes
More informationPRINCIPLES OF POPULATION GENETICS
PRINCIPLES OF POPULATION GENETICS FOURTH EDITION Daniel L. Hartl Harvard University Andrew G. Clark Cornell University UniversitSts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt Bibliothek Biologie Sinauer Associates,
More informationBiology 274: Genetics Syllabus
Biology 274: Genetics Syllabus Description: An examination of the basic principles of genetics in eukaryotes and prokaryotes at the level of molecules, cells, and multicelluar organisms, including humans.
More informationGENOMIC SELECTION: THE FUTURE OF MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION AND ANIMAL BREEDING
GENOMIC SELECTION: THE FUTURE OF MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION AND ANIMAL BREEDING Theo Meuwissen Institute for Animal Science and Aquaculture, Box 5025, 1432 Ås, Norway, theo.meuwissen@ihf.nlh.no Summary
More informationHeredity. Sarah crosses a homozygous white flower and a homozygous purple flower. The cross results in all purple flowers.
Heredity 1. Sarah is doing an experiment on pea plants. She is studying the color of the pea plants. Sarah has noticed that many pea plants have purple flowers and many have white flowers. Sarah crosses
More informationA Correlation of Pearson Miller & Levine Biology 2014 To the Utah Core State Standards for Biology Grades 9-12
A Correlation of Pearson To the Utah Core State Standards Resource Title: Publisher: Pearson Education publishing as Prentice Hall ISBN (10 or 13 digit unique identifier is required): SE: 9780133242003
More information1. Why is mitosis alone insufficient for the life cycle of sexually reproducing eukaryotes?
Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles 1. Why is mitosis alone insufficient for the life cycle of sexually reproducing eukaryotes? 2. Define: gamete zygote meiosis homologous chromosomes diploid haploid
More informationMCB41: Second Midterm Spring 2009
MCB41: Second Midterm Spring 2009 Before you start, print your name and student identification number (S.I.D) at the top of each page. There are 7 pages including this page. You will have 50 minutes for
More informationHUMAN SKIN COLOR: EVIDENCE FOR SELECTION
OVERVIEW HUMAN SKIN COLOR: EVIDENCE FOR SELECTION This activity supports the viewing of the short film The Biology of Skin Color. Students watch the film in segments and use real data to propose hypotheses,
More informationMOT00 KIMURAZ. Received January 29, 1962
ON THE PROBABILITY OF FIXATION OF MUTANT GENES IN A POPULATION MOT00 KIMURAZ Uniuersity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Received January 29, 1962 HE success or failure of a mutant gene in a population
More informationThe Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection in Humans
OVERVIEW MENDELIN GENETIC, PROBBILITY, PEDIGREE, ND CHI-QURE TTITIC This classroom lesson uses the information presented in the short film The Making of the Fittest: Natural election in Humans (http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-natural-selection-humans)
More information7 POPULATION GENETICS
7 POPULATION GENETICS 7.1 INTRODUCTION Most humans are susceptible to HIV infection. However, some people seem to be able to avoid infection despite repeated exposure. Some resistance is due to a rare
More informationMacroevolution: Change above the species level NABT 2006 Evolution Symposium
Introduction Macroevolution: Change above the species level NABT 2006 Evolution Symposium The basic concept of evolution change over time can be examined in two different time frames. The first, which
More informationLAB : PAPER PET GENETICS. male (hat) female (hair bow) Skin color green or orange Eyes round or square Nose triangle or oval Teeth pointed or square
Period Date LAB : PAPER PET GENETICS 1. Given the list of characteristics below, you will create an imaginary pet and then breed it to review the concepts of genetics. Your pet will have the following
More informationBacterial Transformation Post lab Questions:
Bacterial Transformation Post lab Questions: 1. This graph represents typical bacteria growth and death on any culture plate. This trend occurs in both Luria Broth/ agarose and Luria broth/ Agarose/ Ampicillin/Arabinose
More informationComparison of Major Domination Schemes for Diploid Binary Genetic Algorithms in Dynamic Environments
Comparison of Maor Domination Schemes for Diploid Binary Genetic Algorithms in Dynamic Environments A. Sima UYAR and A. Emre HARMANCI Istanbul Technical University Computer Engineering Department Maslak
More informationChapter 4 The role of mutation in evolution
Chapter 4 The role of mutation in evolution Objective Darwin pointed out the importance of variation in evolution. Without variation, there would be nothing for natural selection to act upon. Any change
More informationGENETIC CROSSES. Monohybrid Crosses
GENETIC CROSSES Monohybrid Crosses Objectives Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype Explain the difference between homozygous and heterozygous Explain how probability is used to predict
More informationA and B are not absolutely linked. They could be far enough apart on the chromosome that they assort independently.
Name Section 7.014 Problem Set 5 Please print out this problem set and record your answers on the printed copy. Answers to this problem set are to be turned in to the box outside 68-120 by 5:00pm on Friday
More informationScience 10-Biology Activity 14 Worksheet on Sexual Reproduction
Science 10-Biology Activity 14 Worksheet on Sexual Reproduction 10 Name Due Date Show Me NOTE: This worksheet is based on material from pages 367-372 in Science Probe. 1. Sexual reproduction requires parents,
More informationThe Concept of Inclusive Fitness 1 Ethology and Behavioral Ecology Spring 2008
The Concept of Inclusive Fitness 1 Ethology and Behavioral Ecology Spring 2008 I. The components of Fitness A. Direct fitness W d, darwinian fitness, W gained by increasing ones own reproduction relative
More informationChapter 25: The History of Life on Earth
Overview Name Period 1. In the last chapter, you were asked about macroevolution. To begin this chapter, give some examples of macroevolution. Include at least one novel example not in your text. Concept
More informationBioSci 2200 General Genetics Problem Set 1 Answer Key Introduction and Mitosis/ Meiosis
BioSci 2200 General Genetics Problem Set 1 Answer Key Introduction and Mitosis/ Meiosis Introduction - Fields of Genetics To answer the following question, review the three traditional subdivisions of
More informationEvolution. Part. Catching evolution in action
Part VI Evolution Catching evolution in action The evolution of protective coloration in guppies. In pools below waterfalls where predation is high, guppies are drab colored. In the absence of the highly
More informationForensic Statistics. From the ground up. 15 th International Symposium on Human Identification
Forensic Statistics 15 th International Symposium on Human Identification From the ground up UNTHSC John V. Planz, Ph.D. UNT Health Science Center at Fort Worth Why so much attention to statistics? Exclusions
More informationThe correct answer is c A. Answer a is incorrect. The white-eye gene must be recessive since heterozygous females have red eyes.
1. Why is the white-eye phenotype always observed in males carrying the white-eye allele? a. Because the trait is dominant b. Because the trait is recessive c. Because the allele is located on the X chromosome
More informationComplete tests for CO 2 and H 2 Link observations of acid reactions to species
Acids and Bases 1. Name common acids and bases found at home and at school 2. Use formulae for common acids and bases 3. Give examples of the uses of acids and bases 4. State that all solutions are acidic,
More informationEvolutionary SAT Solver (ESS)
Ninth LACCEI Latin American and Caribbean Conference (LACCEI 2011), Engineering for a Smart Planet, Innovation, Information Technology and Computational Tools for Sustainable Development, August 3-5, 2011,
More informationCPO Science and the NGSS
CPO Science and the NGSS It is no coincidence that the performance expectations in the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) are all action-based. The NGSS champion the idea that science content cannot
More informationTerms: The following terms are presented in this lesson (shown in bold italics and on PowerPoint Slides 2 and 3):
Unit B: Understanding Animal Reproduction Lesson 4: Understanding Genetics Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives: 1. Explain
More informationSmart Science Lessons and Middle School Next Generation Science Standards
Smart Science Lessons and Middle School Next Generation Science Standards You have chosen the right place to find great science learning and, beyond learning, how to think. The NGSS emphasize thinking
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Name Period Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know. Define: gene locus gamete male gamete female
More informationEcology - scientific study of how individuals interact with their environment 34.1
Biology 1407 Exam 4 Notes - Ecology Ch.35-36 Ecology - scientific study of how individuals interact with their environment 34.1 - organisms have adapted to - evolved in - a particular set of conditions;
More informationIntroduction To Genetic Algorithms
1 Introduction To Genetic Algorithms Dr. Rajib Kumar Bhattacharjya Department of Civil Engineering IIT Guwahati Email: rkbc@iitg.ernet.in References 2 D. E. Goldberg, Genetic Algorithm In Search, Optimization
More informationLESSON 3.5 WORKBOOK. How do cancer cells evolve? Workbook Lesson 3.5
LESSON 3.5 WORKBOOK How do cancer cells evolve? In this unit we have learned how normal cells can be transformed so that they stop behaving as part of a tissue community and become unresponsive to regulation.
More informationLocalised Sex, Contingency and Mutator Genes. Bacterial Genetics as a Metaphor for Computing Systems
Localised Sex, Contingency and Mutator Genes Bacterial Genetics as a Metaphor for Computing Systems Outline Living Systems as metaphors Evolutionary mechanisms Mutation Sex and Localized sex Contingent
More informationSimulation Model of Mating Behavior in Flies
Simulation Model of Mating Behavior in Flies MEHMET KAYIM & AYKUT Ecological and Evolutionary Genetics Lab. Department of Biology, Middle East Technical University International Workshop on Hybrid Systems
More informationPRACTICE PROBLEMS - PEDIGREES AND PROBABILITIES
PRACTICE PROBLEMS - PEDIGREES AND PROBABILITIES 1. Margaret has just learned that she has adult polycystic kidney disease. Her mother also has the disease, as did her maternal grandfather and his younger
More informationTuesday 14 May 2013 Morning
THIS IS A NEW SPECIFICATION H Tuesday 14 May 2013 Morning GCSE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY SCIENCE BIOLOGY A A161/02 Modules B1 B2 B3 (Higher Tier) *A137150613* Candidates answer on the Question Paper. A calculator
More informationNext Generation Science Standards
The Next Generation Science Standards and the Life Sciences The important features of life science standards for elementary, middle, and high school levels Rodger W. Bybee Publication of the Next Generation
More informationBiology Final Exam Study Guide: Semester 2
Biology Final Exam Study Guide: Semester 2 Questions 1. Scientific method: What does each of these entail? Investigation and Experimentation Problem Hypothesis Methods Results/Data Discussion/Conclusion
More informationDogs and More Dogs. NOVA presents the story of dogs and how they evolved into the most diverse mammals on the planet.
Program Overview NOVA presents the story of dogs and how they evolved into the most diverse mammals on the planet. The program: discusses the evolution and remarkable diversity of dogs. notes that there
More informationGenetics Lecture Notes 7.03 2005. Lectures 1 2
Genetics Lecture Notes 7.03 2005 Lectures 1 2 Lecture 1 We will begin this course with the question: What is a gene? This question will take us four lectures to answer because there are actually several
More informationCell Growth and Reproduction Module B, Anchor 1
Cell Growth and Reproduction Module B, Anchor 1 Key Concepts: - The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. In addition, a larger cell is less efficient in moving nutrients
More informationBig Data: Opportunities and Challenges for Complex Networks
Big Data: Opportunities and Challenges for Complex Networks Jinhu Lü Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science Chinese Academy of Sciences IWCSN, Vancouver, 13 Dec 2013 1 Thanks To Prof. Ljiljana j Trajkovic
More informationLECTURE 6 Gene Mutation (Chapter 16.1-16.2)
LECTURE 6 Gene Mutation (Chapter 16.1-16.2) 1 Mutation: A permanent change in the genetic material that can be passed from parent to offspring. Mutant (genotype): An organism whose DNA differs from the
More informationBiodiversity Concepts
Biodiversity Concepts WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth. For any kind of animal or plant each individual is not exactly the same as any other; nor are species or ecosystems.
More information2 GENETIC DATA ANALYSIS
2.1 Strategies for learning genetics 2 GENETIC DATA ANALYSIS We will begin this lecture by discussing some strategies for learning genetics. Genetics is different from most other biology courses you have
More informationAS Biology Unit 2 Key Terms and Definitions. Make sure you use these terms when answering exam questions!
AS Biology Unit 2 Key Terms and Definitions Make sure you use these terms when answering exam questions! Chapter 7 Variation 7.1 Random Sampling Sampling a population to eliminate bias e.g. grid square
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Name Period Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know.
More information