IPv6: No Longer Optional
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1 IPv6: No Longer Optional Wayne Bogan CTO, Spirit Telecom Rob Gasparik Senior Network Engineer, CCIE, Spirit Telecom
2 Do you believe that the Internet is running out of IP addresses? A.Yes A.No B. Unsure 2
3 Who is affected by running out of IPv4 addresses? A. ISP and Telco companies B. Content companies (e.g. Google, Facebook) C. Any organization with a public website D. All of the above 3
4 Does your organization have a plan for IPv4 depletion and IPv6 deployment? A.Yes A.No B. Unsure 4
5 Quick History of the Internet Protocol` Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4, or just IP ) First developed for the original Internet (ARPANET) in spring 1978 Deployed globally with growth of the Internet Total of 4 billion IP addresses available Well entrenched and used by every ISP and hosting company to connect customers to the Internet Allocated based on documented need Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) Design started in 1993 when IETF forecasts showed IPv4 depletion between 2010 and 2017 Completed, tested, and available for production since 1999 Total of 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 IP addresses available Used and managed similar to IPv4 5
6 About IPv4 and IPv6 IP version IPv4 IPv6 Deployed Address Size 32-bit number 128-bit number Address Format Number of Addresses Examples of Prefix Notation Dotted Decimal Notation: Hexadecimal Notation: 2001:0DB8:0234:AB00: 0123:4567:8901:ABCD 2 32 = 4,294,967, = 340,282,366,920,938,463, 463,374,607,431,768,211, /24 10/8 (a /8 block = 1/256 th of total IPv4 address space = 2 24 = 16,777,216 addresses) 2001:0DB8:0234::/ :0000::/12 6
7 IPv4 Address Space Utilization *as of 6 August
8 Available IPv4 Space in /8s In 2010, RIRs have been allocated twelve /8s blocks as of 6 August, leaving fourteen /8s unallocated (14/256 = 5.46%) 8
9 IPv4 Demand RIR Allocations In 2010, RIRs have been allocated twelve /8s blocks as of 6 August. 9
10 IPv4 Depletion Situation Report The RIRs have needed between 8 and 12 /8s each year worldwide. There are 12 /8s remaining in the available pool as of 18 October ** There were 16 /8s remaining in August. Demand for IPv4 continues to grow from organizations around the world. 10
11 IPv4 & IPv6 - The Bottom Line We re running out of IPv4 address space. IPv6 must be adopted for continued Internet growth. IPv6 is not backwards compatible with IPv4. We must maintain IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously for many years. IPv6 deployment has begun. 11
12 IPv6 Deployment has begun RIRs have been allocating IPv6 address space since Thousands of organizations have received an IPv6 allocation to date. ARIN has IPv6 distribution policies for service providers, community networks, and end-user organizations. 12
13 IPv4 & IPv6 Coexistence Today, the Internet is predominantly based on IPv4. For the foreseeable future, the Internet must run both IP versions (IPv4 & IPv6) at the same time. (When done on a single device, this is called the dual-stack approach.) Deployment is already underway: Today, there are organizations attempting to reach your mail, web, and application servers via IPv
14 Action Plans What does this mean for: Broadband Access Providers? Internet Service Providers? Internet Content Providers? Enterprise Customers? Equipment Vendors? Government Organizations? 14
15 Call to Action Customers want access to the entire Internet, and this means IPv4 and IPv6 websites. Offering full access will require running IPv4/IPv6 transition services and is a significant engineering project. Multiple transition technologies are available, and each provider needs to make its own architectural decisions. 15
16 Comcast DS-Lite DS-lite Overview DS-lite is a transition technology to provide dual-stack to users while the network multiplexes a single public IPv4 address among users in multiple households. DS-lite allows incremental IPv6 upgrade inside an ISP and continues to provide IPv4 services. DS-lite brings native IPv6 to users and encourages users and applications to adopt IPv6. DS-lite isn t designed to prolong IPv4 indefinitely. Multiplexing IPv4 addresses adds complexity to the network and costs more to operate and manage the network. DS-lite encapsulates IPv4 packet over IPv6 in the access network. NAT function will be performed in the network instead of in the home gateway. This increases port utilization and allows a single public IPv4 address to be shared by more than one household. DS-lite is a tunneling technology, not an address translation technology.
17 Comcast
18 Cox NAT44
19 Call to Action Plan out how to connect businesses via IPv6-only and IPv4/IPv6 in addition to IPv4-only. Businesses are beginning to ask for IPv6 over their existing Internet connections and for their co-located servers. Communicate with your peers and vendors about IPv6, and confirm their timelines for production IPv6 services. 19
20 Call to Action Content must be reachable to newer Internet customers. Content served only via IPv4 will be accessed by IPv6 customers via transition solutions run by the access providers. Plan on serving content via IPv6 in addition to IPv4 as soon as possible. 20
21 Call to Action Mail, web, and application servers must be reachable via IPv6 in addition to IPv4. Open a dialogue with your Internet Service Provider about providing IPv6 services. Each organization must decide on timelines, and investment level will vary. 21
22 Call to Action There was probably limited demand for IPv6 in the past. Demand for IPv6 support will become mandatory very, very quickly. Introduce IPv6 support into your product cycle as soon as possible. 22
23
24 Call to Action Awareness Coordinate with industry Adopt incentives Regulatory Economic Support and promote awareness and educational activities Require IPv6-compatibility in procurement procedures Officially adopt IPv6 24
25 IPv6 Adoption Needs IPv6 address space IPv6 connectivity (native or tunneled) Operating systems, software, and network management tool upgrades Router, firewall, and other hardware upgrades IT staff and customer service training 25
26 Resources Community Use Slide Deck IPv6 Wiki Information Page at Outreach Microsite: Social Media at ARIN
27 IPv6 Basics
28 Addressing
29 Text Representation of Addresses 2607:FC68:0AB9:1359:0008:0800:200C:417A Compressed form: 2607:FC68:0:0:0:0:0:43 becomes 2607:FC68::43
30 Address Allocation /32 /48 / Interface ID ISP prefix Site prefix Subnet prefix
31 IPv6 - Addressing Model Addresses are assigned to interfaces change from IPv4 model : Interface expected to have multiple addresses Addresses have scope Link Local Site Local Global Site-Local Link-Local Global
32 IPv6 Header
33 Legend IPv4 & IPv6 Header Comparison Version IHL Type of Service Total Length Identification IPv4 Header Flags Fragment Offset Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source Address Destination Address Options Padding IPv6 Header Version Traffic Class Flow Label Payload Length Next Header Source Address Hop Limit - field s name kept from IPv4 to IPv6 - fields not kept in IPv6 - Name & position changed in IPv6 - New field in IPv6 Destination Address
34 Summary of Header Changes Streamlined between IPv4 & IPv6 Fragmentation fields moved out of base header IP options moved out of base header Header Checksum eliminated Header Length field eliminated Length field excludes IPv6 header Revised Time to Live Hop Limit Precedence & TOS Traffic Class Addresses increased 32 bits 128 bits Extended Flow Label field added
35 ICMP / Neighbor Discovery
36 Neighbor Discovery ICMP message types: router solicitation router advertisement neighbor solicitation neighbor advertisement redirect Functions performed: router discovery prefix discovery auto-configuration of address & other parameters duplicate address detection (DAD)
37 Router Advertisements Periodically multicast by router to all-nodes multicast address (link scope) Contents: I am a router (implied) get addresses from DHCP flag get other stuff from DHCP flag router s link-layer address link MTU Not sent frequently enough for reachability detection
38 Other Neighbor Discovery Messages Router solicitations sent only at host start-up, to solicit immediate router advert. sent to all-routers multicast address (link scope) Neighbor solicitations for address resolution: sent to solicited node multicast addr. for reachability detection: sent to neighbor s unicast addr. Neighbor advertisements for address resolution: sent to unicast address of solicitor for link-layer address change: sent to all-nodes multicast addr.
39 Stateless Autoconfiguration ( Plug-n-Play ) Hosts generally will construct addresses from RA: subnet prefix(es) learned from periodic multicast advertisements from neighboring router(s) interface IDs generated locally MAC addresses : pseudo-random temporary DHCP is available for those who want explicit control
40 Minimum MTU Definitions: link MTU path MTU a link s maximum transmission unit, i.e., the max IP packet size that can be transmitted over the link the minimum MTU of all the links in a path between a source and a destination Minimum link MTU for IPv6 is 1280 bytes (versus 68 bytes for IPv4)
41 Path MTU Discovery Implementations are expected to perform path MTU discovery to send packets bigger than 1280 bytes: for each dest., start by assuming MTU of first-hop link if a packet reaches a link in which it cannot fit, will invoke ICMP packet too big message to source, reporting the link s MTU; MTU is cached by source for specific destination occasionally discard cached MTU to detect possible increase Minimal implementation can omit path MTU discovery as long as all packets kept 1280 bytes
42 IPv6 Routing
43 IPv6 routing IPv6 still uses the longest-prefix match routing algorithm. RIPng (RFC 2080) OSPFv3 (RFC 2740) ISIS (draft-ietf-isis-ipv6-02) BGP4+ (RFC 2858 and RFC 2545)
44 Quality of Service
45 IPv6 Support for Diff-Serv 8-bit Traffic Class field to identify specific classes of packets needing special QoS same as dscp definition of IPv4 Type-of-Service byte may be initialized by source or by router enroute; may be rewritten by routers enroute
46 Summary of Main IPv6 Benefits Expanded addressing capabilities Structured hierarchy to manage routing table growth Stateless autoconfiguration and reconfiguration Streamlined header format and flow identification Security - Built-in, strong IP-layer encryption and authentication Mobility - More efficient and robust mechanisms Quality of Service
47 IPv6 Technology Scope IP Service IPv4 Solution IPv6 Solution Addressing Range Autoconfiguration Security 32-bit, Network Address Translation DHCP IPSec 128-bit Serverless Config, DHCP IPSec Mandated Mobility Quality-of-Service IP Multicast DiffServ IGMP/PIM/Multicast BGP Mobile IP DiffServ MLD/PIM/Multicast BGP
48 IPv4-IPv6 Transition / Co-Existence A wide range of techniques have been identified and implemented, basically falling into three categories: (1)Dual-stack techniques, to allow IPv4 and IPv6 to co-exist in the same devices and networks (2)Tunneling techniques, to avoid order dependencies when upgrading hosts, routers, or regions (3)Translation techniques, to allow IPv6-only devices to communicate with IPv4-only devices Expect all of these to be used, in combination
49 Tools Dual Stack IPv6 Enabled Primary tool Allows continued 'normal' operation with IPv4-only nodes Address selection rules generally prefer IPv6 IPv6 Enabled IPv4-Only
50 Tools Tunneling IPv6 Enabled Nodes view IPv4 network as a logical link-layer May be used in conjunction with dual-stack IPv4-Only IPv6 Enabled
51 Tools Translation IPv6 Enabled Allows for the case where some components are IPv6- only while others are IPv4-only Tool of last resort Pay attention to scaling properties Same application issues as IPv4/IPv4 translation IPv4-Only
52 IPv6 Provider Edge Router (6PE) over MPLS 2001:0620:: v6 MP-iBGP sessions v6 2001:0420:: v4 6PE P P 6PE v6 2001:0421:: Dual Stack IPv4-IPv6 routers Dual Stack IPv4-IPv6 routers 2001:0621:: v6 v4 CE CE 6PE P IPv4 MPLS P 6PE CE v IPv4 or MPLS Core Infrastructure is IPv6-unaware PEs are updated to support Dual Stack/6PE IPv6 reachability exchanged among 6PEs via ibgp (MP-BGP) IPv6 packets transported from 6PE to 6PE inside MPLS
53 State Internet Connectivity v4 & v6 v4 & v6 v6 v4 & v6 Dual Stack IPv4-IPv6 routers v4 & v6 v4 Spirit Internet Dual Stack IPv4-IPv6 routers Metro Ethernet v4 Upgrade Internet routers to dual stack. Upgrade firewalls to dual stack.
54 State MPLS Layer 3 VPN (VPRN) v4 v T v4 v4 v4 CE CE PE PE Spirit MPLS PE PE Metro Ethernet v v CE Layer 3/VPRN appears as a private router in the cloud. VPRN uses private addressing from RFC1918. No IPv4 address exhaustion in this scenario.
55 State MPLS Layer 2 VPN (VPLS) 2001:0620:: v6 v6 2001:0420:: :0621:: v4 v6 v4 CE CE PE PE Spirit VPLS PE PE Metro Ethernet v6 2001:0421:: v CE Layer 2/VPLS appears as a private switch in the cloud. IP addresses are transparent to service provider. VPLS uses private addressing from RFC1918 or IPv6. No IPv4 address exhaustion in this scenario.
56 IPv6 Migration Planning Training IPv6 Readiness Inventory/Audit Upgrade/Replace Routers, PCs, Servers, Firewalls, etc. Enable IPv6 Internet connection IPv6 Address Plan Enable IPv6 on LAN/WAN DHCPv6, DNSv6 Migrate Applications to IPv6 Custom Development
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