Third Edition. Op Amp Handbook. Fredrick W. Hughes Electronics Training Consultant. PTR Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632
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1 Third Edition Op Amp Handbook Fredrick W. Hughes Electronics Training Consultant PTR Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632
2 Contents Preface xv CHAPTER I Operational Amplifier Functions and Characteristics I THE DISCRETE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER Input Voltages In Phase Input Voltages 180 Out of Phase One Input Grounded WHAT IS AN OP AMP? HOW AN OP AMP FUNCTIONS OP AMP CHARACTERISTICS AND PARAMETERS Input Impedance Output Impedance Input Bias Current Output-Offset Voltage Input-Offset Current Input-Offset Voltage Offset Nulling Effects of Temperature Frequency Compensation Slew Rate Frequency Response Gain-Bandwidth Product Noise Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) Short-Circuit Protection Electrical Limitations Understanding Specification Sheets POWER-SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS FOR OP AMPS TYPES OF OP AMPS AND PACKAGE CONFIGURATIONS 22 SECTION 1-2 TERMINOLOGY EXERCISE 25 SECTION 1-3 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 26
3 vi Contents SECTION 1-4 EXPERIMENTS Safety Precautions General Procedures and Test Equipment to Use 28 EXPERIMENT 1-1 Output Polarity 29 EXPERIMENT 1-2 Closed-Loop DC Voltage Gain (Inverting) 30 EXPERIMENT 1-3 Closed-Loop DC Voltage Gain (Noninverting) 32 EXPERIMENT 1-4 Maximum DC Output-Voltage Range 33 EXPERIMENT 1-5 Maximum DC Input-Voltage Range 35 EXPERIMENT 1-6 Input Impedance 36 EXPERIMENT 1-7 Output Impedance 37 EXPERIMENT 1-8 Input-Offset Current 38 EXPERIMENT 1-9 Input-Offset Voltage 39 EXPERIMENT 1-10 Output-Offset Voltage 40 EXPERIMENT 1-11 Offset Null Adjustment 41 EXPERIMENT 1-12 Slew Rate 42 EXPERIMENT 1-13 Open-Loop Frequency Response 44 EXPERIMENT 1-14 Unity-Gain Frequency 45 EXPERIMENT 1-15 Common-Mode Rejection 46 SECTION 1-5 SUMMARY POINTS 47 SECTION 1-6 SELF-CHECKING QUIZ 48 CHAPTER 2 Basic Op-Amp Circuits VOLTAGE COMPARATOR Sensing a Sine Wave on the Inverting Input Sensing a Sine Wave on the Noninverting Input Detecting Phase Difference Positive-Voltage-Level Detector Negative-Voltage-Level Detector Determining Resistive Voltage Divider INVERTING AMPLIFIER Virtual Ground Input Impedance NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER VOLTAGE FOLLOWERS VOLTAGE SUMMING AMPLIFIER Summing Amplifier with Gain Scaling Adder Amplifier
4 Contents vii VOLTAGE DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER Voltage Difference Amplifier with Gain 69 SECTION 2-2 TERMINOLOGY EXERCISE 69 SECTION 2-3 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 70 SECTION 2-4 EXPERIMENTS 74 EXPERIMENT 2-1 Basic Op-Amp Comparator Operation 74 EXPERIMENT 2-2 Sensing Sine Waves With an Op Amp 75 EXPERIMENT 2-3 Op-Amp Voltage-Level Detectors 77 EXPERIMENT 2-4 Op-Amp Inverting Amplifier 78 EXPERIMENT 2-5 Op-Amp Noninverting Amplifier 80 EXPERIMENT 2-6 Two-Stage Op-Amp Amplifier 82 EXPERIMENT 2-7 Op-Amp Voltage Followers 84 EXPERIMENT 2-8 Summing Currents 85 EXPERIMENT 2-9 Op-Amp Summing Amplifiers 87 EXPERIMENT 2-10 Op-Amp Difference Amplifier 88 SECTION 2-5 SUMMARY POINTS 89 SECTION 2-6 SELF-CHECKING QUIZ 91 CHAPTER 3 Signal Processing with Op Amps INTEGRATOR CIRCUIT DIFFERENTIATOR CIRCUIT ACTIVE LOW-PASS FILTER ACTIVE HIGH-PASS FILTER ACTIVE BANDPASS FILTER ACTIVE NOTCH (BAND-REJECT) FILTER 108 SECTION 3-2 TERMINOLOGY EXERCISE 110 SECTION 3-3 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 110 SECTION 3-4 EXPERIMENTS 112 EXPERIMENT 3-1 Practical Integrator Circuit 112
5 viii Contents EXPERIMENT 3-2 Practical Differentiator Circuit 113 EXPERIMENT 3-3 Op-Amp Low-Pass Filter 115 EXPERIMENT 3-4 Op-Amp High-Pass Filter 115 EXPERIMENT 3-5 Op-Amp Bandpass Filter 117 EXPERIMENT 3-6 Op-Amp Notch Filter 118 SECTION 3-5 SUMMARY POINTS 120 SELF-CHECKING QUIZ 121 CHAPTER 4 Op-Amp Oscillators SQUARE-WAVE GENERATOR SAWTOOTH-WAVE GENERATOR TRIANGLE-WAVE GENERATOR Positive Feedback SINE-WAVE OSCILLATOR QUADRATURE OSCILLATOR FUNCTION GENERATOR 135 SECTION 4-2 TERMINOLOGY EXERCISE 136 SECTION 4-3 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 137 SECTION 4-4 EXPERIMENTS 137 EXPERIMENT 4-1 Op-Amp Square-Wave Generator 137 EXPERIMENT 4-2 Square/Triangle Wave Generator 138 EXPERIMENT 4-3 Two Op-Amp Sine-Wave Oscillator 140 EXPERIMENT 4-4 Basic Quadrature Oscillator 142 EXPERIMENT 4-5 Tri-Function Generator 143 SECTION 4-5 SUMMARY POINTS 145 SECTION 4-6 SELF-CHECKING QUIZ 146
6 Contents ix CHAPTER 5 Op-Amp Applications to Audio Circuits THE INVERTING AMPLIFIER THE NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER SIMPLE AUDIO-VOLTAGE-AMPLIFIER APPLICATIONS EQUALIZATION PREAMPLIFIER RIAA Equalization Preamplifier NAB Equalization Preamplifier ACTIVE-TONE-CONTROL CIRCUITS AUDIO MIXERS MISCELLANEOUS AUDIO CIRCUITS Scratch Filter Rumble Filter Speech Filter Octave Equalizer Active Crossover Network Two-Channel Panning Circuit SIMPLE MEDIUM-POWER AMPLIFIERS 166 SECTION 5-2 TERMINOLOGY EXERCISE 166 SECTION 5-3 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 168 SECTION 5-4 EXPERIMENTS 169 EXPERIMENT 5-1 General Audio Circuits 169 SECTION 5-5 SUMMARY POINTS 171 SECTION 5-6 SELF-CHECKING QUIZ 171 CHAPTER 6 Op-Amp Protection, Stability, and Testing INPUT PROTECTION OUTPUT PROTECTION AND LATCH-UP 174
7 x Contents POWER SUPPLY PROTECTION BASIC CIRCUIT STABILITY APPLICATIONS TESTINGTHEOPAMP IN-CIRCUIT TESTING WITH A VOLTMETER IN-CIRCUIT TESTING WITH AN OSCILLOSCOPE Noise Problems 184 SECTION 6-2 TERMINOLOGY EXERCISE 185 SECTION 6-3 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 185 SECTION 6-4 EXPERIMENTS 185 EXPERIMENT 6-1 Op Amp Basic Troubleshooting 186 SECTION 6-5 SUMMARY POINTS 186 SECTION 6-6 SELF-CHECKING QUIZ 188 CHAPTER 7 Special Type Op Amps JFET-INPUT OP AMP OPERATIONAL TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER Calculating R bias OTA Schmitt Trigger Circuit OTA Micropower Amplifier CURRENT-DIFFERENCING AMPLIFIER Biasing the Norton Op Amp The CDA as a Comparator 201 SECTION 7-2 TERMINOLOGY EXERCISE 201 SECTION 7-3 PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES 202 SECTION 7-4 EXPERIMENTS 202 EXPERIMENT 7.1 CDA AC Inverting Amplifier 202 EXPERIMENT 7-2 CD As Used as Comparators 203
8 Contents xi SECTION 7-5 SECTION 7-6 SUMMARY POINTS SELF-CHECKING QUIZ CHAPTER 8 Basic Op-Amp Circuit Design 207 DESIGN 8-1 DESIGN 8-2 DESIGN 8-3 DESIGN 8-4 DESIGN 8-5 DESIGN 8-6 DESIGN 8-7 COMPARATOR CIRCUITS Basic Positive-Clamped Comparator Basic Negative-Clamped Comparator Output Clamping to a Specific Level 209 INVERTING AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS Inverting DC Amplifier Inverting AC Amplifier Basic Two-Stage Cascaded Amplifier 215 NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS Noninverting DC Amplifier Noninverting AC Amplifier Basic Two-Stage Cascaded Noninverting Amplifier 217 VOLTAGE-FOLLOWER CIRCUITS Noninverting DC Voltage Follower Noninverting AC Voltage Follower Inverting DC Voltage Follower Inverting AC Voltage Follower 220 VOLTAGE-SUMMING-AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS Inverting DC Summing Amplifier Inverting AC Summing Amplifier 223 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS Differential DC Amplifier Differential AC Amplifier 226 SQUARE-WAVE-GENERATOR CIRCUIT CHAPTER 9 Collection of Practical Op-Amp Circuits 228 SECTION 9-1 POWER-SUPPLY APPLICATIONS 228
9 xii Contents Voltage Regulator Dual-Tracking Op-Amp Power Supply Crowbar Overvoltage Protection Crowbar Undervoltage Protection 229 SECTION 9-2 AMPLIFIERS Bridge Amplifier Buffer Amplifier Current Amplifier Lamp Driver LED Driver Photodiode/Phototransistor Amplifier Photoresistor Amplifier Solar-Cell Amplifier Power-Booster Amplifier Phono Amplifier Squaring Amplifier Instrumentation Amplifier Audio Bridge Amplifier DC Servo Amplifier AC Servo Amplifier Absolute-Value Amplifier 237 SECTION 9-3 OSCILLATORS AND WAVEFORM GENERATORS Phase-Shift Oscillator Easily Tuned Sine-Wave Oscillator Crystal Oscillator Simple Staircase Generator Free-Running Staircase Generator/Pulse Counter Digital-to-Analog Staircase Generator Monostable (One-Shot) Multivibrator Schmitt Trigger Programmable Unijunction Oscillator Frequency Doubler Pulse Generator Two-Tone Alarm Circuit 245 SECTION 9-4 SIMPLE TEST INSTRUMENTS Sensitive Low-Cost DC Voltmeter Wide-Band AC Voltmeter Triple-Range Ohmmeter Audio Circuit Tester 248 SECTION 9-5 LOGIC CIRCUITS AND Gate 250
10 Contents xiii OR Gate NAND Gate NOR Gate RS Flip-Flop 253 SECTION 9-6 MISCELLANEOUS CIRCUITS Feedforward Frequency Compensation One-IC Intercom Simulated Inductor (Gyrator) Op-Amp Tachometer Low-Frequency Mixer Window Voltage Detector Sample-and-Hold Circuit Bi-Quad Active Bandpass Filter Compressor/Expander Amplifiers Log Generator Antilog Generator Multiplier/Divider Cube Generator Root Extractor High-Speed Warning Device Pulse-Width Modulator Capacitance Multiplier Precision Rectifiers Phase Shifter Phase-Locked Loop Voltage-Level Detector 267 Appendix A Appendix В Voltage Waveform Photographs for Selected Experiments 269 Review Of Test Equipment Operation And Use 274 B-1-1 UNDERSTANDING MULTIMETERS 274 B-1-2 READING MULTIMETERS 275 B-1-3 UNDERSTANDING THE OSCILLOSCOPE 276 B-1-4 READING THE OSCILLOSCOPE 279 B-1-5 USING THE BASIC SIGNAL GENERATOR 280 B-1-6 USE OF A POWER SUPPLY 282
11 xiv Contents B-1-7 Appendix С PROCEDURE FOR EXPERIMENTING WITH TESTING A DISCRETE CIRCUIT 283 Selected Manufacturers' Op-Amp Specification Sheets 285 Answers to Self-Checking Quizzes 312 Op Amp Final Examination 313
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