hy do lights dim when you turn on your hair dryer? And how is this related to power distribution?

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1 hy do lights dim whn you turn on your hair dryr? And how is this rlatd to powr distribution? Day 4: Qustions? Finish Photoconductors (Blm 12.1:424,433). Start Powr transmission Blm 11.2 Rmindrs/Updats: EYES TO WEB How ar labs? How was HW? 1 Mor nxt wk

2 Wrapping up physics of copying machin. Photoconductor Making a Charg Imag Corona wir mtal vlocity Documnt Light Charg imag

3 Transfrring Charg Imag to Tonr and Papr Charg imag tonr Positiv tonr particl Rollr and brush Black imag Rlas tonr Light Hat Charg Papr Straightforward. All just good old physics of attraction btwn opposit chargs, plus photoconductor physics. 3

4 Smi-conductor physics whr light hits, R low, lctrons flow away, thn add ink, sticks only whr chargs Vry spcial matrial- low R ( conducts ) only whn light hits. Photoconductor V To undrstand, hav to undrstand what dtrmins rsistanc of a matrial. a. insulators (wood, cramic, plastic)- vry high rsistanc. b. conductors (mtals)- vry low rsistanc c. smiconductors - in th middl. Rsistanc dpnds on tmp., light, clanlinss. 4

5 Enrgy Looking at atomic structur of solids nrgy bands on atom many atoms lvls gt shiftd and shard for all atoms and lctrons. 5

6 In solid, billions of atoms, lctrons, and lvls!! lvls gt shiftd and shard for all atoms and lctrons. so many individual lvls, just talk about bands of lvls. 1 lctron pr lvl until run out of lctrons. allowd lvls but no lctrons up thr orang- lvls mostly full of lctrons actually lctrons and mor lvls!! 6

7 Microscopic look at matrial conductor- mpty lvls vry clos mpty full lctron lik ball rolling on almost flat ground insulator- big jump to mptis. mpty gap- no lvls full lctron lik ball in pit. mov asily Can t mov without big boost. smiconductor-- half way in btwn. mpty Littl gap to mpty lvls full lik shallow pit. 7

8 If apply voltag to mak lctron mov, it must go into a. highr nrgy lvl, b. lowr nrgy lvl, c. dos not mattr, ths ar th nrgy lvls of lctrons in atoms, no connction with motion moving a. highr- moving, mor nrgy, rally only slightly highr lvl. stationary If push on lctrons (apply voltag to matrial) which ons will mov? a. all of thm in bands 1,2,3 b. non of thm c. all of thm in band 3 d. only th top on in band thr d. only th top on in band 3. Th othrs hav no highr lvl thy can mov into, all filld with othr lctrons. Aftr top on has gottn pushd up room to mov nxt on blow it. so mayb includ billion or so rally clos ons. 8

9 Worth sing in practic conductivity simulation RULE: for lctrons to mov (with a voltag applid) Thr must b an mpty nrgy lvl immdiatly abov whr thy ar 9

10 Enrgy Which band structur gos with which matrial? (b rady to giv rasoning) mpty full 1. Diamond 2. coppr 3. grmanium (poor conductor) a. 1=w, 2=x, 3=y b. 1=z, 2=w, 3=y c. 1=z, 2=y, 3=x d. 1=y, 2= w, 3=y.. 1=w, 2=x, 3=y 25 V lmnt w x y z 0 10

11 littl gap Rviw of smiconductors. mpty full Littl, but not tiny gap btwn filld and mpty nrgy lvls. Big nough to stop currnt (high R). Small nough so humans can find ways to boost lctrons up. Concpt bhind all modrn lctronics! Us smiconductors to control lctric currnts. Which will dcras rsistanc of a smiconductor? add hat, light, shak, add dirt a. T T T T b T T F F c T T F T d F T F F F T F T 11

12 littl gap Can also giv lctron kick of nrgy with light. Photo-conductor mpty full E = nrgy of photon = h x frquncy (h ) =h x c/(wavlngth) = hc/ If grn light has just nough nrgy to xcit lctron into mpty lvl and allow it to mov (conduct lctricity) a. both blu and rd light will also mak it a conductor b. blu light will, rd light will not c. nithr blu nor rd light will mak it into a conductor blu light has shortr wavlngth so highr nrgy than grn, so it has mor than nough nrgy. Rd has longr wavlngth than grn so has lss nrgy, not nough to boost lctron to mpty lvl whr it can mov/conduct. Photon nrgy hc/ nds to b biggr than nrgy of gap or will hav no ffct. 12

13 End of physics of copirs. Will rturn to mor about smiconductors and us in lctronics in coupl of wks. Final qustions??? 13

14 On to powr distribution systm and th physics that maks it th way it is. Qustion to think about, and b rady to answr in a coupl of classs. What is th rlationship btwn th fact that lights somtims dim with you turn on a hair dryr and that w hav giant powr transmission towrs with cabls hanging from thm all ovr th country? 14

15 Powr distribution and gnration Why us AC powr? 1. Enrgy loss in wirs 2. Virtus of high voltag 3. Transformrs and how thy work ~1.5-2 days Powr systm and how transformrs work in it..5 days- powr gnration- sam physics Big idas: Changing magntic filds produc voltags and currnts Currnts produc magntic filds. 15

16 Distributing Powr Across th Country Long wirs from powr gnrating plants to homs (100 s of mils) How much powr will w los in wirs? (wastd powr) How can w minimiz powr lost in th wirs? Explor what affcts powr loss. 16

17 Elctron man! 1) Los nrgy by bumping into stuff in atoms. 2) Los nrgy vrywhr but in som parts mor than othrs. 3) Voltag chang across somthing rprsnts amount of nrgy lost across it. lots of nrgy at start. Lots of volts - + Wirs: glid down prtty asily, just a fw bumps. Los a littl bit of nrgy. R total = R light + R wirs Exhaustd! nrgy usd up gtting through cours. Usually small Light Bulb high rsistanc lik trudging through thr ft of mud! taks lots of nrgy to gt through. R (rottnnss) 17

18 How will brightnss of bulb1 in cas i compar to brightnss of bulb1 in cas ii (no #2)? a. brightr, b. dimmr, c. sam cas i 1.5 V + b) dimmr, 2 bulbs hav mor rsistanc R Total = R1+R2 so lss currnt flows through thm. P=IV=I 2 R 1 cas ii V NOTE: Rsistors (bulbs) in sris (on aftr othr) ADD, Rsistors in paralll (diffrnt paths) act indpndntly 18

19 Wall = 120 V AC Lights and powr Wiring insid hom Powr Sourc (W can vary voltag output) Light 125 Watts Light 60 Watts 120 V Wiring insid hom What is diffrnt btwn th 60 Watt bulb and th 125 Watt bulb? a. th voltag diffrnc (amount of nrgy lost by ach lctron) across th bulb b. th numbr of lctrons passing through th filamnt ach scond c. Choic a and th rsistanc of th filamnt d. Choic b and th rsistanc of th filamnt. Choic a and Choic b and th rsistanc of th filamnt 19

20 + Thinking lik an lctron. No mattr what th path, lctrons los all voltag (nrgy pr lctron) by th tim thy rturn to outlt. V path1 = V path2 = V battry (approx. for idal R=0 wirs) lots of nrgy at start. (V) - + No nrgy lft Appox! assum wirs don t wast nrgy V 1 = V start Path 1 Path 2 V 2 = V start 20

21 Wall = 120 V AC Lights and powr Wiring insid hom Powr Sourc (W can vary voltag output) Light 125 Watts Light 60 Watts What if hook 60 Watt and 125 Watt light bulbs in sris, which will b brightr? (Shar rasoning bfor xprimnt. ) a. 125 Watt bulb will b brightr b. 60 Watt bulb will b brightr 21

22 Thought procss: Sam currnt must pass through both bulbs. Can figur out currnt from total rsistanc: R total = (R 60W bulb + R 120 W bulb + R wirs ) + 60W 120W lots of nrgy at start Watt, Highr rsistanc 120 Watt bulb Lowr rsistanc 22

23 \/\/\/\/\/ Hom wiring Wall = 120 V AC Wiring insid hom Powr Sourc (W can vary voltag output) HEATER Light 1500 Watts 60 Watts 120 V Wiring insid hom Turn on Hatr (clos switch), obsrv light bulb. Light bulb dims. Why? Discuss with your group and com up with possibl rasons. Shar with class. 23

24 lots of nrgy at start. glid down asily, just a fw bumps. Hardly any nrgy. nrgy usd up gtting through cours. Vigor (V)!?#%, bridg out, stuck. xhaustd! How much powr and whr is it going? Work through togthr. Plug voltag = 120 Volts Total rsistanc of wirs = 0.1 ohms Rsistanc of lightbulb = 240 ohms Total rsistanc = Rwirs + R bulbs = ohms Currnt = Plug Voltag / Total R = 120 Volts / ohms = 0.5 amps Voltag drop in wirs = Currnt x rsistanc = 0.5 amps x 0.1 ohms = 0.05 Volts Powr into wirs = Currnt x voltag drop in wirs = 0.5 amps x 0.05 volts = Watts Powr into bulb = currnt x voltag drop in bulb = 0.5 amps x volts = Watts 24

25 What happns whn bridg gts fixd so hav anothr rout? lots of nrgy at start. nrgy usd up gtting through cours. Vigor (V) xhaustd! What changs compard with bridg out (hatr off)? I. Currnt through wir is now largr II. Voltag drop across wir is now largr III. Voltag drop around whol circuit is now largr IV. Currnt through bulb is smallr V. Voltag drop across bulb is smallr s pild up down both routs, so still divid up and go down both, just nd up fastr on bridg rout dp mud! (bulb) prtty asy a. I and III b. I and II c. I, II, V d. I, II, IV, V. I, II, III, IV, V 25

26 What will mak bulb vn dimmr? I. Shortr wirs II. Longr wirs III. Adding anothr hatr IV. Thinnr wirs V. Fattr wirs a. I and V b. I, II, and III c. II, III, and IV d. II, III, V.. III only. 26

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