PART THREE Chapter 13: Architecture

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1 PART THREE Chapter 13: Architecture Structural Systems covered in this chapter: Load-Bearing Post-and-Lintel Round Arch and Vault Pointed Arch and Vault Dome Corbelled Arch, Vault, and Dome Cast-Iron Balloon-Frame Steel-Frame Suspension and Cable-stayed Reinforced Concrete Geodesic Domes

2 Key Terms for this chapter include: tensile strength adobe hypostyle Doric, Ionic, Corinthian columns capital, volute entablature, architrave, frieze, cornice, pediment keystone barrel vault nave, groin vault, bays ribs, buttresses, piers, flying buttresses oculus, coffering, portico, rotunda, drum, minaret, pendentives ferroconcrete cantilever sustainable development

3 Structural Systems in Architecture Shell system 2 Basic Systems Skeleton-and-skin system 2 factors considered in any structural system Weight Tensile Strength: The amount of stretching stress (tensile) a material can withstand before it bends or breaks.

4 Load-Bearing Construction Also called stacking and piling, this is the simplest method of making a building. Layer is piled upon layer getting gradually thinner towards the top. Adobe: Construction using sun-dried bricks and coated with mud plaster. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: 13.1

5 Great Friday Mosque, Mali, Rebuilt 1907 in style of 13 th century original

6 Post-and-Lintel An elementary construction method based on 2 vertical uprights (posts) supporting a horizontal crosspiece (lintel). Hypostyle: A large hall constructed using post-and-lintel.

7 Hypostyle from courtyard temple of Amon-Mut-Khonso, 1390BC

8 Post-and-Lintel Greek Order of Columns Doric: No base; the capital (topmost part) is bell-shaped (7 th c BC) Ionic: Stepped base; the capital has 2 spirals called volutes. (6 th c BC) Corinthian: Stepped base; the capital is carved acanthus leaves (4 th c BC) Column styles of the Greek orders.

9 Post-and-Lintel The entablature consists of 3 basic elements: Architrave: Unadorned band of lintels above columns Frieze: Decorated with relief sculpture Cornice: Shelf-like projection above frieze The entablature supports a triangular element called a pediment. Elevation, Temple of Athena Nike

10 *Temple of Athena, Nike, Acropolis, Athens, BC

11 Buyodo-in Temple, (Phoenix Hall), Uji, Kyoto, 1053

12 Round Arch and Vault The round arch and vault is constructed of wedge-shaped stones that meet at an angle perpendicular to the curve of the arch. It uses the forces of tension and compression. Stability is created by the topmost stone called the keystone. Barrel Vault: A series of arches placed flush together; creates large interior spaces.

13 *Pont gu Gard(Aqueducts), Nimes, France, 1 st century

14 Round Arch and Vault Barrel Vault: A series of arches placed flush together; creates large interior spaces. Nave: A long central area of a church. Groin Vault: The result of 2 barrel vaults crossed at right angles to each other. The weight and stress is channeled down to the four corners. Bay: A space created by one groin vault.

15 Pointed Arch and Vault The pointed arch and vault arcs up to a point. This allows weight to channel down at a steeper angle creating a taller arch. It is reinforced with ribs to create stability. Buttresses, Piers, Flying Buttresses: Exterior reinforcements used on cathedrals to create stability. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: Nave, Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Reims

16 Interior, Abbey Church of Sainte-For, Conques, France, *Nave, Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Reims,

18 Dome A dome is a structure generally in the shape of a hemisphere or half globe. A drum is often the circular base of a domed building. Coffering: Recessions created into a ceiling which help to lessen weight. Oculus: An opening at the top of a domed ceiling. Portico: A porch extending from a building. Rotunda: A round building.

19 Dome Minarets: Slender towers often seen on the outside of mosques. Pendentives: Their function is to make a smooth transition between a rectangle and a dome in a building. Corbelling: Each row of stones extends slightly beyond the one below until eventually the opening is bridged; can be used in arch, vault, and dome construction. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: Interior of the Pantheon

20 *Pantheon, Rome,

21 *Hagia Sophia, Istanbul,

22 *Taj Mahal, Agra, India,

23 Cast-Iron Construction Cast-iron construction utilizes a skeleton and skin method. During the 19 th century its usefulness as a structural building was proven. 2 early cast-iron construction structures: The Crystal Palace and the Eiffel Tower. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: Eiffel Tower

24 *Eiffel Tower, Paris, Iron, 934

25 Balloon-Frame Construction Balloon-frame construction utilizes a skeleton and skin method. The builder first develops a framework by nailing boards together, then adds a roof, and sheathes the walls. 2 innovations caused the development of balloon-frame construction: Improved methods for milling lumber Mass produced nails

26 Steel-Frame Construction Steel-frame construction utilizes a skeleton and skin method. Each lower story supports those above it. The builder creates a steel cage. A skin of some other material is sheathed over it. Skyscrapers are built using this method. The elevator was an innovation caused by the development of steel-frame construction. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: Lever House

27 Wainwright, Louis Sullivan,

28 Lever House, 1952

29 Suspension and Cable-stayed Structures Suspension is a structural method made possible by steel. Cables run vertically to a main cable which sags on a parabolic curve between vertical support pylons driven into the ground. Cable-stayed structures combine piers with suspender cables (stays). The suspenders rise on an incline towards the towers. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: Golden Gate Bridge

30 *Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, 1937 Millau Viaduct, France,

31 Reinforced Concrete Reinforced concrete relies on iron rods embedded into wet concrete. The iron adds tensile strength, while the concrete provides shape and surface allowing for a wide variety of structures and shapes. Ferroconcrete: Another term for reinforced concrete. Cantilever: A horizontal form supported at one end and jutting out into space at the other; made possible by ferroconcrete.

32 Sydney Opera House, Joern Utzon, Sydney, Australia,

33 *Fallingwater, Frank Lloyd Wright,, Mill Run, PA 1936

34 Geodesic Domes A geodesic dome is basically a bubble shaped structure created by a network of metal rods arranged in triangles and tetrahedrons. It is a modular system and requires no interior support. R. Buckminster Fuller is credited with the invention of the geodesic dome. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: U.S. Pavilion, Expo 67

35 *Pavilion, Expo 67, Montreal, 1967.

36 Purpose of Architecture Every structure is designed to serve a specific function. We evaluate a structure according to how it fulfills its purpose.

37 Guggenheim Museum, Frank O. Gehry, Spain, 1997

38 Burnham Pavilion, Millenium Park, Chicago Teahouse, Kengo Kuma, 2007

39 Green Architecture The pursuit of creating healthier and less wasteful human habitat is at the core of green architecture. It is an aspect of a larger concern called sustainable development. Sustainable Development: Providing present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to provide for their own needs.

Renzo Plano, California Academy of Sciences, 2000-2008 The High Line, New York,

40 Renzo Plano, California Academy of Sciences, The High Line, New York, 2011 Handmade School, Anna Heringer, Bangladesh, Cob walls and lashed bamboo.

41 Architecture: SUMMARY Structural Systems: load-bearing post-and-lintel round arch and vault pointed arch and vault keystone dome corbelled arch, vault, and dome cast-iron balloon-frame steel-frame suspension and cable-stayed reinforced concrete geodesic domes

42 Architecture: SUMMARY tensile strength adobe hypostyle Doric, Ionic, Corinthian columns capital, volute entablature, architrave, frieze, cornice, pediment keystone Key Terms: barrel vault nave, groin vault, bays ribs, buttresses, piers, flying buttresses oculus, coffering, portico, rotunda, drum, minaret ferroconcrete cantilever sustainable development

The Influence of the Roman Arch

The Influence of the Roman Arch Ancient Rome achieved many great accomplishments that have influenced numerous cultures. Elements of Roman law have been adopted by various governments, including the United