Unit 4. Rocks and minerals

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1 Unit 4. Rocks and minerals Geology is the study of rocks and how the Earth surface has changed over millions of years. By studying the rocks and minerals of the Earth, we can find out how they were formed and how their different properties make them useful to us. For example, what makes some materials useful for building, and others betters for producing jewelry, glass or metals? Activities 1. Do you know which rocks are used to make glass? 2. What does cement contain? 3. Hoe does land erosion occur? 1

2 4. Look and read the rocks and minerals: quartz, chalk, diamond, granite, marble, slate MARBLE CHALK QUARTZ DIAMOND GRANITE SLATE 2

3 Rock detectives key Find out how to distinguish between different types of rocks! 1. Write the key to find and write two facts about marble. 2. How can you differentiate chalk from limestone? 3

4 Rocks and mineral formation Rocks and minerals make up the Earth crust. Rocks are clusters of minerals and other inorganic materials. Minerals are structured crystals that have specific chemical components. Rocks There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rocks These rocks form when molten magma (the hot liquid inside volcanoes) or lava (this hot liquid outside the volcano) from volcanoes cools and hardens. If the lava cools quickly, small crystals form and the rocks has dots of colour. If the magma or lava cool slowly, then large crystals 4

5 form and the rock looks the same color all over. Granite and basalt are two examples of igneous rocks. Sedimentary rocks Sedimentary rocks form when bits rock, minerals or plant or animal materials are compacted and cemented. These compact over millions of years to form rocks. Clay and limestone are two examples of sedimentary rocks. Sand forms sandstone. Metamorphic rocks Form from other rocks that change because of heat and pressure beneath Earth s surface. Examples include Marble, formed from limestone, and slate, formed from a sedimentary rock called shale. Activities 1. How are igneous rocks formed? 2. Name three components of sedimentary rocks. 3. How does a sedimentary rock become a metamorphic rock? 5

6 Minerals We can find several types of minerals of many different colors and sizes in rocks. This is because there are over 4000 types of minerals in the world. We classify minerals according to their chemical composition. Pure minerals are called elements. These only contain one component. Diamonds belong in this category. Sulphates are fragile minerals that contain sulphur, oxygen and another metal. Gypsum, which is red in fertilisers, is a soft sulphate. Oxides are mixtures of metals and oxygen that vary in hardness and color. Rubies, used in Jewelry, belong in this category. 6

7 Uses of rocks and minerals Rocks and minerals found in the Earth s crust are used for a wide variety of purposes. Every day we come across many rocks and minerals, eve if we do not realize it. The properties of minerals include their colour, hardness, and lustre (shininess). Material Limestone is a avery hard rock formed of calcium carbonate and fossils. Colors range from white, brown, yellow, grey, green and even blue. Quartz is a hard mineral that can be many colors from colorless to green or pink. Diamonds are hard transparent carbon minerals. they are resistant to scratching. Talc is a soft mineral and its color can vary between white, green or grey. Activities 1. Where do minerals come from? 2. Which mineral does toothpaste contain? 3. Name a soft mineral and a hard mineral. Uses Concrete and cement, used on roads and buildings, are made using powdered limestone. Limestone is a good aggregate, which means it helps things stick together. Quartz crystals are used in watches and other electronics to keep accurate time. Diamonds are so hard they can be cut to be used in jewelry, or even in drills for mining and dentistry. 7

8 Talc is used in talcum powder. Because it is soft and smooth, talc is one of the oldest known solid lubricants, also used in baby powder, paints and to keep basketball players hands dry. Other uses Marble, granite and sandstone are some common rocks that are carved to make statues. Michelangelo's David is made of very fine marble. Glass is a manufactured material made from quartz sand. Limestone is often added to lower the temperature necessary to make glass. Marble is used on counter tops in kitchens and on floors, as well as for decoration around doors and windows. it is extremely hard and can contain an mixture of colours. Activities 1. In groups, make a list of all the ways in which we use rocks and minerals at home. What rocks are most commonly found in your area? 2. How many chemical elements are there? what is the table called were we can find them all? 8

9 Find out: More about rocks Idea We can find out about the composition of rocks by testing their permeability. You will use water and a magnifying glass. Materials Different types of rock Magnifying glass Dropper Water Paper Pencil ipads Process/carry out 1. Look at the rocks and decide what type of rock the are (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic) 2. Use the dropper to place of water on each rock. If they absorb the water, they are permeable. 3. If they do not absorb it, use the water as a magnifying glass. draw what you see, then do the same with the magnifying glass. Use this table to take your notes. (You can identify some of your rocks using the key on page 3) Photo Name of the rock Colour Texture Type or rock 9

10 Review 1. Copy and complete 2. Copy and match the sentences about rocks and minerals a. Rocks 1. have a unique chemical composition b. Minerals 2. is a soft mineral c. Talc 3. can contain several minerals, as well as fossils 3. Copy and complete the sentences: dead, metamorphic, igneous, heat, sedimentary, lava a. rocks are formed when golden cools and hardens. b. rocks are produced by the build up of rock fragmentes or the deposition of animals or plants. c. rocks are baked by extreme or pressure. 10

11 4. Read the lists and sort the odd one out and why. a. basalt/ glass/cement/concrete b. colour/hardness/igneous/lustre c. diamond/sandstone/slate/limestone d. sedimentary/lava/igneous/metamorphic e. limestone/quartz/granite/marble 11

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