COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A) (FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING)

Transcription

1 031 MASS & BALANCE

2 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A) JAR-FCL FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING MASS AND BALANCE INTRODUCTION TO MASS AND BALANCE Centre of Gravity Definition Define the term Centre of Gravity related to an aeroplane Importance for aircraft stability Explain why the CG must be within the certified limits with regard to aeroplane operations Mass and Balance limits Consult aeroplane flight manual: Maximum floor load Describe the effects of operating an aeroplane at its mass and Centre of Gravity limits Find the certified Centre of Gravity limits for takeoff, landing and cruise configuration from the Aeroplane Operating Manual (AOM) State that maximum floor/running loads have to be considered when loading heavy items with small support areas. Calculate examples and extract the necessary data from an Aeroplane Operating Manual Maximum ramp and taxi mass Explain maximum ramp and taxi mass Factors determining maximum permissible mass Issue 1: Jan MB-2 CJAA Licensing Division

3 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A) Describe the limitations for the maximum permissible Takeoff and Landing mass. Describe the limitations for the maximum traffic load. Calculate examples for these masses Factors determining Centre of Gravity limits LOADING Terminology Empty mass State that Centre of Gravity limits are determined by aircraft stability and manoeuvrability and describe the influence on aeroplane operation Summarise all factors that affect the location of the Centre of Gravity during aeroplane operation. Describe the effect of extending/retracting flaps on the pitching moment Define empty mass, basic mass and basic empty mass. State where these masses can be found. Calculate an example for the basic empty mass Dry Operating Mass (empty mass + crew + operating items + unusable fuel) Zero fuel mass Define Dry Operating Mass and operating mass and calculate examples Define zero fuel and maximum zero fuel mass. Describe the reason for limiting the zero fuel mass. Calculate examples Issue 1: Jan MB-3 CJAA Licensing Division

4 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A) JAR-FCL Standard mass State when to apply actual or standard masses for crew, passengers, baggage and cargo according to JAR-OPS1. Find the standard masses for different types of flights with reference to JAR-OPS1. Calculate total traffic loads and total mass of crew Describe the relation between volume, density and mass for fuel, oil and water and calculate examples Useful load (Traffic load + Usable fuel) Aircraft Mass Check Procedure Define traffic load and useful load. Calculate examples for traffic and useful load State where the results of an aircraft mass check are found. State who is responsible for re-weighing and the issuing the correct Dry Operating Mass. List the practices, according to JAR-OPS1, to be used at re-weighing Requirements for re-weighing of aircraft Equipment lists List the time intervals for the re-weighing of aeroplanes according to JAR-OPS1 State that the equipment list is used to name which items are included in the re-weighing process Procedures for determining aeroplanes mass and balance documentation Determining Dry Operating Mass JAR-OPS1 given Issue 1: Jan MB-4 CJAA Licensing Division

5 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A) Extract the Dry Operating Mass (DOM), Dry Operating Index (DOI) for specified crew, trip and service conditions from the Aeroplane Operating Manual (AOM) Intentionally left blank Add mass of passengers and cargo Add mass of fuel Calculate the maximum allowable traffic load, the zero fuel mass and maximum cargo loads for different conditions Calculate the maximum allowable fuel load, the maximum extra fuel and the useful load Check that applicable maximum gross mass limits are not exceeded Calculate takeoff mass, maximum takeoff mass, landing mass and maximum landing mass Effects of Overloading Take-off and safety speeds Explain the influence of the aeroplane mass on takeoff and safety speeds Take-off and landing distances Rate of climb Explain the influence of the aeroplane mass on takeoff and landing distances Explain the influence of the aeroplane mass on the rate of climb Range and Endurance Explain the influence of the aeroplane mass on the range and endurance Engine-out performance Issue 1: Jan MB-5 CJAA Licensing Division

6 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A) Structural strain Explain the influence of the aeroplane mass on the one-engine out performance Explain the potential risks when the aeroplane mass limits are exceeded CENTRE OF GRAVITY (CG) Basis of CG Calculations Datum Explain the term datum. Find the datum position from an Aeroplane Operating Manual for calculation purposes Moment arm Explain the moment arm and its algebraic sign. Extract moment arms for different loading positions from Aeroplane Operating Manual Moment Explain the term moment and calculate examples. Explain the term index and interpret an example of an index formula. Calculate the index with given weight, Centre of Gravity and index formula and vice versa Expression in percentage of mean aerodynamic chord (% MAC) Explain the general equation for the Centre of Gravity. Illustrate the advantage of using % MAC as an expression for the Centre of Gravity location. Calculate Centre of Gravity positions and express them in % MAC Issue 1: Jan MB-6 CJAA Licensing Division

7 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A) JAR-FCL Calculation of CG Centre of Gravity at empty mass Calculate the aeroplane Centre of Gravity from scale readings at weighing. Find the Centre of Gravity at the Dry Operating Mass from the aeroplane manual Movement of CG with addition of fuel, load and ballast Calculate the effect of additional loads on the Centre of Gravity. Describe and calculate the influence of fuel loading or usage on the Centre of Gravity. Extract the data for the influence of fuel on the Centre of Gravity from an Aeroplane Operating Manual Practical methods of calculation Securing of Load Calculate zero fuel, takeoff and landing masses, the respective moments and Centre of Gravity positions with the aid of various types of mass and balance documentation Explain the differences between operational and certified limits for the Centre of Gravity. State where the certified and operational limits can be found and extract them Importance of adequate tie-down Effect of loadshift Describe the reasons why loads in cabin and cargo rooms have to be secured or tied down. State that aeroplanes use pallets or containers to secure the load Explain and calculate the effect of Loadshift See Mass and balance documents of various Aircraft types. Issue 1: Jan MB-7 CJAA Licensing Division

8 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A) JAR-FCL Area Load, Running Load, Supporting See Issue 1: Jan MB-8 CJAA Licensing Division

9 032 PERFORMANCE

10 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE JAR-FCL PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE-ENGINE AEROPLANES NOT CERTIFIED UNDER JAR/FAR 25 (LIGHT AEROPLANES) PERFORMANCE CLASS B Definitions of terms and speeds used Define the following terms Density altitude Climb gradient Unaccelerated flight Definition of speeds in general use Clear 50 ft speed ( Take-off Safety Speed) Touch down speed (Reference Landing Speed) Take-off and Landing Performance Effect of aeroplane mass, wind, density, altitude, runway slope, runway conditions Use of Aeroplane Flight Manual data Determine the following distances: Take-off distance to 50 ft, landing distance from 50 ft, ground roll distance during landing Climb height at given distance (of obstacle) from end of Take off Distance Determine wind component for landing performance Determine the take-off speeds Determine the maximum allowed take-off weight Appropriate chart and data are given Issue 1: Jan PERF-2 CJAA Licensing Division

11 Climb, cruise and descent performance COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE Explain the effect of temperature, wind, altitude on climb performance State rate of climb, angle of climb and minimum rate of descent and descent angle Resolve the forces during a steady climb-, and glide State the opposing forces during a horizontal steady flight Explain the effect of mass and wind on the descent performance Use of Aeroplane Flight Manual data Appropriate chart and data Determine the cruise true airspeed (TAS) Determine the manifold air pressure (MAP) Determine distance covered, time and fuel consumption during climb Determine the range for certain conditions Effect of density altitude and aeroplane mass Explain the effect of altitude and temperature on cruise performance Explain the effect of mass on power required, drag and airspeed Explain the effect of altitude and temperature on the power required curve Endurance and the effects of the different recommended power settings Explain the effect of wind on the maximum endurance speed Still air range with various power settings Explain the effect of various power settings on the still air range PERFORMANCE OF MULTI-ENGINE AEROPLANES NOT CERTIFIED UNDER JAR/FAR 25 (LIGHT Are given Issue 1: Jan PERF-3 CJAA Licensing Division

12 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE JAR-FCL TWIN) PERFORMANCE CLASS B Definitions of terms and speeds Define the following terms: Critical engine Speed stability, Region of reversed command and normal command Definition of speeds Define the following speeds: Vx speed for best angle of climb Vy speed for best rate of climb Any new terms used for multi-engine aeroplane performance ( ) Explain the effect of the critical engine inoperative on the power required and the total drag Select from a list the correct order of take-off speeds Explain the parameter(s), which must be maintained at V MCA, in case of engine failure Explain the effect of engine failure on controllability under given conditions State the effect for propeller- and light twin jet aeroplanes Explain the significance of V max tire Importance of performance calculations Determination of performance under normal conditions Explain the effect of centre of gravity on fuel consumption Explain the effect of flap setting on the ground roll distance Issue 1: Jan PERF-4 CJAA Licensing Division

13 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE For both fixed and constant speed propellers, explain the effect of airspeed on thrust during the takeoff run Consideration of effects of pressure altitude, temperature, wind, aeroplane mass, runway slope and runway conditions Explain the effect of temperature on the brake energy limited take-off mass Explain the effect of pressure altitude on the field length limited take-off mass Explain the effect of runway contamination on the take-off distance Explain the effect of mass on the speed for best angle, and best rate on the descent Elements of performance Discuss the aeroplane s C L / C D curve for specified configurations Explain the certified engine thrust ratings Explain the effect of temperature and altitude on the fuel flow for jet engine aeroplanes in given conditions Explain the effect of bank angle at constant TAS on the load factor Explain the effect of wind on the maximum range speed and speed for maximum climb angle Explain the effect of mass on descent performance Explain the effect of airspeed on the thrust of a jet engine aeroplane at constant RPM Explain the effect of speed and angle of attack on the induced drag Interpret the thrust required and thrust available curves Interpret the power required and power available curves State and explain specific range (SR) and aeroplane s specific fuel consumption (SFC) Issue 1: Jan PERF-5 CJAA Licensing Division

14 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE JAR-FCL Take-off and landing distances Explain the effect of thrust reverser on take-off mass calculation State the percentage of accountability for head, and tailwind during take-off calculations Determine landing distance required (dry and wet) for destination and alternate airports valid for jetand propeller aeroplanes Rate of climb and descent Explain the effect of selected power settings, speeds, mass and flaps on the rate of climb versus airspeed curve Explain the effect of mass, altitude and flaps on the idle descent Cruise altitude and altitude ceiling Define service, and absolute ceiling and optimum altitude Explain effect of altitude, mass, configuration on total drag under given conditions Describe manoeuvring capability, low, and high speed limits Payload/range trade-offs Interpret the payload-range diagram Describe cruise technique Speed/Economy trade-off Explain the correlation between maximum endurance and fuel consumption Use of performance graphs and tabulated data Performance section of Aeroplane Flight Manual Issue 1: Jan PERF-6 CJAA Licensing Division

15 033 FLIGHT PLANNING & MONITORING

16 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE JAR-FCL FLIGHT PLANNING AND FLIGHT MONITORING FLIGHT PLANS FOR CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHTS FOR VFR FLIGHTS Completing a navigation plan Use: Student Pilot Route Manuals Selection of routes, speeds, heights (altitudes) and alternate airfield Select a route and altitude taking the following criteria into account: Classification of airspace A G Controlled airspace Uncontrolled airspace Prescribed outbound and inbound routes Restricted areas Weather situation Minimum safe altitudes Interpret, before every flight, the air traffic control information from AIP and NOTAMS obtained from AIS, for: Departure En route Destination Possible alternative fields Select and/or calculate the route, true air speeds, heights and alternate fields, taking into account: Issue 1: Jan FPM-2 CJAA Licensing Division

17 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE Prescribed outbound and inbound routes Restricted areas Weather situation Minimum safe altitudes Nav. Aids Conspicuous points Semi circular rules Calculate the minimum pressure altitude from MOCA, OAT and QNH Calculate how many feet to climb after take off from an aerodrome to a given level Find the frequency and identifier of a radio navigation aid from the chart Measurement of tracks and distances Use protractor and ruler Define the checkpoints Use Aeronautical Calculate, or obtain from the chart, courses (tracks) and distances to fly Information Publication Draw the intended route in the navigation chart considering: (AIP) Restricted areas Danger areas Prohibited areas Other airspace restrictions Find the highest obstacle within a given distance either side of the track Derive the following data from the chart and transfer to the navigation plan form: Issue 1: Jan FPM-3 CJAA Licensing Division

18 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE Check points and/or turning points Distances in NM (using minutes of latitude along a meridian) True magnetic courses (tracks) Use TAF, METAR and Obtaining wind velocity forecast for each leg Significant weatherchart Wind At aerodromes At cruising levels Visibility Clouds and cloudbase Meteorological hazards Computation of headings, ground speeds, and time en-route from courses, true airspeed and wind velocities Apply the annual change to the charted value of the variation if applicable (not necessary if newest charts are used) Transfer the calculated variation to the flight plan form Calculate the true air speed at given: Flight level Temperature and instrument/position error of the airspeed indicator Calculate the magnetic heading given: The true course TAS and wind vector (SWC) Use mechanical slide computer Issue 1: Jan FPM-4 CJAA Licensing Division

19 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE Calculate the ground speed given: The true airspeed Course Wind speed and wind direction and/or (equivalent) wind component Completion of pre-flight portion of navigation flight log Find departure and arrival routes to be flown Calculate the position of the top of climb (TOC) and top of descent (TOD) by distance and time for given data Calculate the individual leg times and the total time en route Calculate the total time enroute for the trip Completing the Fuel Plan Use Flight Planning Manuals or Pilots Operating Handbooks Computation of planned fuel usage for each leg and total fuel usage for the flight Compute the planned total fuel usage for the flight by consulting the fuel usage tables and/or graphs from the pilots operating handbook in addition to the navigation plan for times enroute Find the maximum distance to fly given appropiate data Fuel for holding or diversion to alternate airfield State the definition of the alternate and final reserve fuel and the requirements for aeroplanes with reciprocating and turbine engines Define final reserve fuel Obtain and calculate the final reserve fuel for holding In accordance with JAR- OPS 1 Issue 1: Jan FPM-5 CJAA Licensing Division

20 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE Reserves Obtain the fuel for flying from the destination to the alternate from the appropriate fuel table or graph Define the unforeseen items for which contingency fuel is to be carried State and explain the requirements for contingency fuel for small aircraft as detailed in JAR-OPS Calculate the contingency fuel State and/or explain the components of the reserve fuel Explain that additional fuel is required in special circumstances when the trip fuel, contingency fuel, alternate fuel and final reserve fuel are not sufficient for: Holding at 1500 ft (450 m) above the airfield in ISA conditions An engine failure and/ or depressurisation at the critical point between alternates and/or destination Calculate the additional fuel if necessary Total fuel requirements for flight Calculate the block fuel for a flight including : Taxi fuel depending on Aerodrome Type of aircraft Trip fuel Contingency fuel Alternate fuel Final reserve fuel According to JAR OPS 1 section 2 subpart D Criteria for contingency fuel will be given in exam questions Preflight calculations in accordance with AMC- OPS Issue 1: Jan FPM-6 CJAA Licensing Division

21 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE Extra fuel at captains discretion Completion of pre-flight portion of fuel log Complete a fuel log which is presented with some of the elements missing, deriving those items from fuel tables and/ or graphs or other appropriate data Carry out flight monitoring and in-flight replanning In-flight fuel computations Calculate, in flight, the fuel quantities used and remaining at navigational checkpoints Calculation of actual consumption rate Calculate the actual consumption rate given: The fuel used The flight time Compare the actual and the planned fuel consumption by means of calculation or flight progress chart Compare the remaining fuel with the actual fuel to be used Revision of fuel reserves estimates Calculate the remaining fuel at a nav checkpoint taking into account the actual fuel flow and the fuel used In-flight replanning in case of problems Perform in flight revision of the fuel plan, if necessary, by: Selecting a new destination Selection of power settings to the old or a new destination Calculating a new time to a new destination with a new ground speed to be calculated with given Use pilots operating handbook Issue 1: Jan FPM-7 CJAA Licensing Division

22 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE JAR-FCL wind, TAS (true air speed) and course Check the current fuel state, fuel requirements and fuel reserves Explain that, in the case of a flight revision, the commander has to check the traffic and the condition of the new destination airfield and its designated alternate. The commander must also check the meteorological conditions at new destination and designated alternate airfield before the decision to continue the flight to the new destination or alternate. The aircraft must be able to land with the final reserve fuel Radio communication and navigation aids State the frequencies of the various means of Communication and Navigational aids Communication frequencies and call signs for appropriate control agencies and in-flight service facilities such as weather stations Find communication frequencies and call signs for appropriate control agencies and in-flight service facilities, flight information services, weather information stations, Automatic Terminal Information Service stations Radio navigation and approach aids On a route facility chart, locate the radio navigation aids and, from the symbols and other data shown, determine: The type of facility/ service provided Frequency Identification Modulation (as appropriate) ICAO ATC FLIGHT PLAN Types of flight plan Use Student Pilot Route Manual or AIP Issue 1: Jan FPM-8 CJAA Licensing Division

23 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE ICAO flight plan Indicate the difference between the types of Flight Plan Individual flight plan Repetitive flight plan (RPL) Interpret the fixed format of an ICAO flight plan Use ICAO flight plan form State the reasons for a fixed format of an ICAO flightplan According DOC 4444 Interpret the information to be given on the flight plan: Aircraft identification ICAO airline ident plus flight number Aircraft registration Flight rules Type of flight Number of aircraft ; wake turbulence category Communication- and nav equipment on board Departure aerodrome with 4 letter ident or ZZZZ and name in other information Estimate Off Block Time (EOBT) Cruising speed Cruising level VFR or flight level Route with checkpoints, ATS routes, coordinates and/or bearing and range of a nav.aid and FIR boundary crossing points Issue 1: Jan FPM-9 CJAA Licensing Division

24 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE Destination aerodrome, EET, alternate aerodromes Other information REG/, SEL/, OPR/, STS/, TYP/, PER/, COM/, NAV/., DEP/, DEST/, ALTN/ and RMK/ DAT Endurance Persons on board Emergency equipment Aircraft colour and markings Define the concept of the repetitive flight plan Completing the flight plan Information for flight plan Complete the Flight Plan using information from: Navigation plan Fuel plan Operator s records for basic aircraft information Mass and balance records According to PANS RAC (DOC 4444) forms to be used as information for the flight plan should contain all relevant information Filing the flight plan According ICAO DOC Procedures for filing State the earliest and the latest time, prior to the estimated off block time, that a flight plan should be filed with ATC for onward transmission on the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network (AFTN) State the procedure, regarding the flight plan, if take-off is delayed Issue 1: Jan FPM-10 CJAA Licensing Division

25 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE JAR-FCL Agency responsible for processing the flight plan Name which ATC unit is responsible for: Checking compliance with the format and data conventions Checking for completeness and accuracy Taking action, if necessary, to make it acceptable for ATC Indicate acceptance and/or changes to the operator Requirements of the state concerning when a flight plan must be filed State and explain that there are circumstances in which the flight plan must be filed earlier Closing the flight plan Responsibilities and procedures Processing agency Checking slot time Define the responsibility in respect to closing the flight plan Indicate the time limit within which the flight plan should be closed Name the agency responsible for processing the flight plan Define the concept slot time/ calculated take off time delivered by the Central Flow Management Unit (CFMU) Adherence to flight plan Tolerances allowed by the State for various types of flight plans State that there are differences between national regulations and practices and the international standards for rules of the air (candidates are not expected to know these differences) Issue 1: Jan FPM-11 CJAA Licensing Division

26 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE List the publications where the differences can be found List the subjects on which differences can occur In-flight amendment of flight plan List the items of the flight plan which, if necessary, can be changed or amended in the air: State who is responsible for filing an amendment State to which ATC unit that amendment should be communicated Name the maximum divergence of time and/or speed from those given in the filed flight plan before an in-flight amendment should be made PRACTICAL FLIGHT PLANNING VFR Use Student Pilot Route Manual, ruler and proctractor Chart preparation Plot courses and measure directions and distances Find the checkpoints Draw the intended route in the navigation chart taking into account: Restricted areas Danger areas Prohibited areas Other airspace restrictions Find the highest obstacle for 5 NM either side of the track Derive the following data from the chart and transfer to the navigation plan form: Use Aeronautical Information Publication Issue 1: Jan FPM-12 CJAA Licensing Division

27 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE Check points and/or turning points Distances in NM by measuring with meridian minutes Courses Navigation plan Use flight log Completing the navigation plan Complete the flight log with the courses and distances as taken from a chart prepared with routes Derive and calculate the headings using Wind as provided TAS Course Variation Simple fuel plans Preparation of fuel logs showing planned values Prepare fuel log showing the planned values for: Radio planning practice Communications Fuel used on each leg considering temperature, distance, flight level and wind Fuel remaining at the end of a flight sector Endurance based on fuel remaining and planned consumption rate at the end of a flight sector Find the frequencies and call signs of air traffic control agencies and facilities for in-flight services such as weather information Use Flight Planing Manual or Pilots Operating Handbook Use Student Pilot Route Manual and AIP Issue 1: Jan FPM-13 CJAA Licensing Division

28 Navigation aids COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE Find the frequencies and identifiers of en-route terminal navigation aids which can be used PRACTICAL COMPLETION OF A FLIGHT PLAN (navigation plan/ flight log) Use Student Pilot Route Manual Extraction of data Extraction of navigational data Obtain the following navigation data from the Navigation charts and Aerodrome charts Courses Distances Waypoints Bearings and ranges from beacons Co-ordinates Variation Obstacle heights and elevations Classification of airspace Extraction of meteorological data Obtain and decode the following meteorological data Wind at different and appropriate levels and position of the jetstream The presence of thunderstorms Cloud base and thickness of cloud layers Precipitation Issue 1: Jan FPM-14 CJAA Licensing Division Use - weather analysis, - weather depiction chart - wind charts for different

29 Temperatures at different levels Icing conditions Areas of CAT and other turbulence COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE Extraction of performance data Use Flight Planning Manual or Pilots Operating Handbooks From the performance data for the aircraft, determine Top of climb Top of descent Fuel flow True air speed Time/ fuel/ distance for climb and descent Final reserve fuel Alternate fuel Find the short distance cruise altitude, given appropriate data Completion of navigation flight plan Calculate the following parameters to complete the flight plan (navigation plan) The block fuel Total ground distance TAS given appropriate data Identify the time system in which time entries have to be made in operational flightplan forms levels Issue 1: Jan FPM-15 CJAA Licensing Division

30 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE Define the time of departure Define the arrival time Completion of fuel plan Obtain the following data Time, distance and fuel to top of climb Time, distance and fuel at cruise altitude Time, distance and fuel to top of descent Time, distance and fuel for descent Total time, distance and fuel to destination Fuel required from destination to alternate for missed approach, climb to en-route altitude, cruise descent, approach and landing Final reserve fuel Compute the TAS for en-route at a certain flight level with the aid of a graph or table Calculate traffic load, estimated landing mass at alternate and maximum additional load Completion of air traffic flight plan Complete an air traffic flight plan for a given aircraft and flight, using the instructions contained in the latest AIC, together with the nominated airways charts. Use the fuel consumption tables and graphs of Flight Planning Manual or Pilots Operating Handbooks Issue 1: Jan FPM-16 CJAA Licensing Division