Geology 302 Excercises in Geochemistry of the Earth s Interior I
|
|
- Tobias Little
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Geology 302 Excercises in Geochemistry of the Earth s Interior I These excercises are designed to get you thinking about chemical and physical processes that took place early on during the formation of the Earth and later as the mantle and crust evolved. Most of the plotting and calculations are best done in spreadsheet format. Please show your work to ensure partial credit. 1. Crystallization of Mid Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB). The accompanying Excel spreadsheet onm the course webpage contains a worksheet with 47 major element analyses of MORB wholerock and glass samples recovered from the East Pacific Rise. All of these samples contain <10% phenocrysts of Forsterite and Anorthite in the mode. A. Could any of these MORBs be a primary magma? Recall that primary magmas in equilibrium with Fo 91 olivine have molar Mg#s, that is 100*Mg 2+ /(Mg 2+ + Fe 2+ ), of >68. To calculate the Mg# on a molar basis, you will need to divide the wt.% oxide values for MgO and FeO* by their gramformula-weights of 40.3 and 71.8, respectively, before calculating the ratio. If none are primary, which lava is the most primitive (Mg-rich) composition? Which one quenched from the least primitive, therefore most differentiated magma? B. Plot an X-Y variation diagram of MgO (X) vs. CaO (Y) of these compositions. Use a scale of 0-20 wt% on the Y axis and 0-50% on the X axis. C. In your diagram, plot the positions of Forsterite, Diopside, and Anorthite (from handout), and answer the following questions. 1. Can the fractional crystallization of any of these three minerals alone be responsible for the evolution from most primitive to least primitive magmas? If so which mineral? 2. It is more likely that the phenocryst phases in the modes of these rocks played a role in controlling differentiation. In what proportion must plagioclase and forsterite fractionate together from the most primitive lava to explain the variation in the less primitive lavas? (Hint-use the lever rule) 3. Imagine a 1 kg parcel of the most primitive MORB in your diagram. Which is more effective at generating the observed range in MORB compositions from high to low Mg# s: (1) fractionation of 100 grams of diopside alone, or fractionation of 100 grams of plagioclase and olivine in the proportions you determined above? How can you tell?
2 2. A second worksheet in the Excel workbook contains major element, trace element, and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope analyses from 15 samples of lava flows erupted from three different volcanoes during the Quaternary (last 1.8 Ma). A. The geochemical behavior of K and U differ markedly when temperatures are hot enough to volatilize K (leaving U as a refractory solid). In contrast, K and U behave similarly at lower temperatures (<2000 o C) during normal melting and crystallization processes in the terrestrial planets. Make a plot of K/U vs ppm K for the 15 samples using logarithmic scales as in Figure 5.4 of Brown and Mussett (1993). 1. Overall how do the K/U and K of these volcanic samples compare to the carbonaceous chondrite CI, the most primitive consituent known in our solar system? What is the likely reason for the differences? 2. Given the data from our solar system, would you describe the variation in K/U among the samples as small or large? Is this consistent with when these magmas were produced? 3. How do these lavas (magmas) compare to MORB? i.e., are they more differentiated? less differentiated? or the same? On the basis of the K-U data, is it possible that the SNC meteorites, that are only 1300 Ma, and which are thought to come from Mars, originated by processes broadly similar to those which produced the volcanoes from which the 15 samples come? What name would you assign to the volcanic samples which most closely match the SNC meteorites? (Hint look at the major element compositions silica contents, etc.). B 1. Olivine is the predominant mineral in the silica-poor lavas, and with respect to K and U it has identical mineral-melt D values of Starting with the most primitive lava (highest Mg# = 100*Mg/(Mg+Fe 2 ), basically the highest MgO content) and using the Rayleigh equation for perfect fractional crystallization (below), calculate the percentage of this magma that must crystallize olivine to generate the most K and U rich lava compositions. C C L o L = F ( D 1) (Hint: see Wilson, 1989, p. 89, for guidance) 2. Make a Harker diagram of ppm K vs. ppm U. Plot the lava samples and your crystallization models for K and U (at say 5 wt.% increments of crystallization) on the diagram. Does the model accurately explain the origin of the silica-rich lavas? What may be the cause(s) for any discrepencies?
3 C. Make a plot of the 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ratio vs the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio for the lava samples. Comparing to Figure 2.7 in Wilson (1989), what group of basalts might these lavas most closely be associated with? Hint: the MORB-normalized spiderdiagram at right plot a silica-poor sample from each of the 3 volcanoes. What can you say about the tectonic setting and origin of the lavas? Lava sample/morb Shishaldin Kanaga Seguam 1 MORB 0.1 Sr K Rb Ba Th Ta Nb Ce P Zr Hf Sm Ti Y Yb Element
4 3. U-Pb geochronology. Using the equations: D = N(e 8t -1) 206 Pb = 238 U(e 8t -1); 8 = x10 10 yr Pb = 235 U(e 8t -1); 8 = x10 10 yr -1 Construct a U-Pb concordia diagram for 4560 Ma of Earth History. Begin at an intial time of 0 years and increment time in 200 million year steps. Add the following data points obtained by ion microprobe from zircon crystals in the Jack Hills conglomerate, Western Australia: 206 Pb/ 238 U 207 Pb/ 235 U Draw a best fit line through the array of data. What can you conclude about the age and history of these zircons?
5 4. Partial melting of the mantle A third spreadsheet in the workbook available on the course website is set up to calculate the chondrite-normalized REE patterns in liquids generated from the batch modal melting of peridotite (equation 1 from lecture 5). It does this by tabulating the bulk distribution coefficient, D, for each rare earth relement based on the modal percentage of the minerals comprising the source rock. The modal percentages can be adjusted in the spreadsheet (they should total 100%) to model the melting of different mineral assemblages. Once you have chosen the modal percentages, you can vary F, the fraction of melt produced, to generate an REE pattern (black values in diagram). The spreadsheet uses a batch melting equation (Wilson, p. 63, Eq. 1) Using the spreadsheet, answer the following questions: A. MORB that forms the Pacific Ocean crust typically has a light rare earth depleted pattern (NMORB, see Wilson, 1989, p. 142, Fig. 5.42). Given the REE concentrations of N-MORB in the spreadsheet (values and REE pattern in red), is it possible to melt peridotite with chondritic abundances of REE (values in green) to produce Pacific MORB? Use the following modal % of minerals in the peridotite: 50% Olivine, 10% Opx, 40% Cpx, and try varying the percent melt between 10 and 30% (F = 0.1 to 0.3). B. Try adding 10% modal garnet to the source and reducing the olivine to 40%. What is the effect of garnet on the REE patterns of the liquid produced? What controls the observed effect? Are these patterns more, or less, similar to N-MORB than the liquids you were able to produce in in part A? C. The column in blue color allows you to adust the concentration of the different REE in the source rock by factors either less than or greater than the condritic values. At a fixed value of F = 0.25 (as we will see later, most petrologists think about 20-30% melting of the mantle is necessary to generate MORB), determine the factors that you need to adjust the source concentrations by, in order to generate the MORB. D. Explain why the chondritic mantle fails to produce MORB (hint: in lecture 2 and lecture 4 we reviewed the connection between chondritic meteorites and the earth and radiogenic isotopic and trace element evididence concerning the long-term evolution of the earth s mantle.
6 5. Sm-Nd geochronology and isotopic evolution of Nd in Earth A. The Sm and Nd isotope ratios measured in amphibole, cpx, opx, and plag. In a basalt and a rhyolite are as follows: basalt 147 Sm/ 144 Nd 143 Nd/ 144 Nd amphibole cpx opx plag rhyolite plag cpx opx amphibole Calculate the age of each lava flow using a spreadsheet program and the isochron method. Note that the analytical uncertainties (errors) on the slope of each isochrons correspond to ± 1% of thecalculated ages. B. Could these lavas have erupted at the same time? C. Could these lavas have been generated by melting a common source material? Could the source material for either lava be depleted upper mantle? (Hint: we suspect that he depleted upper mantle began to evolve by about 2.8 Ga and had an initial 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ratio of and a 147 Sm/ 144 Nd ratio of about Using this information you can calculate the 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ratio in the depleted mantle at the time of eruption of the lavas you determined above).
Igneous Geochemistry. What is magma? What is polymerization? Average compositions (% by weight) and liquidus temperatures of different magmas
1 Igneous Geochemistry What is magma phases, compositions, properties Major igneous processes Making magma how and where Major-element variations Classification using a whole-rock analysis Fractional crystallization
More informationGEOL 5310 Advanced Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology Fall 09 Igneous Lab 2: Geochemical Plots of Igneous Rocks
GEOL 5310 Advanced Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology Fall 09 Igneous Lab 2: Geochemical Plots of Igneous Rocks Objective: In this lab, we will become familiar with geochemical databases associated with
More informationLecture 5. elements (Figure 1). In addition, there are many ways of classifying trace elements.
Lecture 5 Nomenclature for Trace Element Classification We have already grouped elements into two classes, major elements and trace elements (Figure 1). In addition, there are many ways of classifying
More informationIgneous Rocks. Geology 200 Geology for Environmental Scientists
Igneous Rocks Geology 200 Geology for Environmental Scientists Magma Compositions Ultramafic - composition of mantle Mafic - composition of basalt, e.g. oceanic crust. 900-1200 o C, 50% SiO 2 Intermediate
More informationElement Partitioning and Earth's Core Composition. Bernie J. Wood. Summary by: Dave Stegman
Element Partitioning and Earth's Core Composition Bernie J. Wood Summary by: Dave Stegman Determining the composition of the Earth's Core is essential for understanding the internal structure, evolution,
More informationEarth Materials: Intro to rocks & Igneous rocks. The three major categories of rocks Fig 3.1 Understanding Earth
Earth Materials: 1 The three major categories of rocks Fig 3.1 Understanding Earth 2 Intro to rocks & Igneous rocks Three main categories of rocks: Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic The most common minerals
More informationQUE 93148: A Part of the Mantle of Asteroid 4 Vesta?
1 of 8 posted January 23, 2003 QUE 93148: A Part of the Mantle of Asteroid 4 Vesta? --- A tiny meteorite tells a story of melting in the deep mantle of a big asteroid. Written by Christine Floss Washington
More informationII. Earth Science (Geology) Section (9/18/2013)
EAPS 100 Planet Earth Lecture Topics Brief Outlines II. Earth Science (Geology) Section (9/18/2013) 1. Interior of the Earth Learning objectives: Understand the structure of the Earth s interior crust,
More informationMagma Composition and Igneous Rocks By Dr. James Brophy, Indiana University
Magma Composition and Igneous Rocks By Dr. James Brophy, Indiana University Introduction In the following chapters we will find that nearly all of the varied aspects of volcanism are either directly or
More informationCHAPTER 6 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
CHAPTER 6 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the four stages in the development of a terrestrial planet? 2. That Earth, evidence that Earth differentiated.
More informationEENS 2120 Petrology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Igneous Rocks of the Ocean Basins. The Ocean Basins
Page 1 of 18 EENS 2120 Petrology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Igneous Rocks of the This document last updated on 03-Feb-2011 The The ocean basins cover the largest area of the Earth's surface. Because of plate
More informationO.Jagoutz. We know from ~ 20.000 borehole measurements that the Earth continuously emits ~ 44TW
Lecture Notes 12.001 Metamorphic rocks O.Jagoutz Metamorphism Metamorphism describes the changes a rock undergoes with changing P, T and composition (X). For simplistic reasons we will focus here in the
More informationAtoms and Elements. Atoms: Learning Goals. Chapter 3. Atoms and Elements; Isotopes and Ions; Minerals and Rocks. Clicker 1. Chemistry Background?
Chapter 3 Atoms Atoms and Elements; Isotopes and Ions; Minerals and Rocks A Review of Chemistry: What geochemistry tells us Clicker 1 Chemistry Background? A. No HS or College Chemistry B. High School
More informationPetros = Rock Ultimate source of all rocks Weathering erosion of pre-existing rocks
GEOLOGY 326 INTRODUCTION TO PETROLOGY Igneous = Sedimentary = Metamorphic = Petros = Rock Ultimate source of all rocks Weathering erosion of pre-existing rocks Change in form The chemical and petrologic
More informationRocks & Minerals. 10. Which rock type is most likely to be monomineralic? 1) rock salt 3) basalt 2) rhyolite 4) conglomerate
1. Of the Earth's more than 2,000 identified minerals, only a small number are commonly found in rocks. This fact indicates that most 1) minerals weather before they can be identified 2) minerals have
More informationPotassium-Argon (K-Ar) Dating
Potassium-Argon (K-Ar) Dating K-Ar Dating In 10,000 K atoms: 9326 39 K 673 41 K 1 40 K Potassium Decay Potassium Decay Potassium Decay Argon About 1% of atmosphere is argon Three stable isotopes of argon
More informationMagmas and Igneous Rocks
Page 1 of 14 EENS 1110 Tulane University Physical Geology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Magmas and Igneous Rocks This page last updated on 03-Sep-2015 Magma and Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks are formed by crystallization
More informationES 104: Laboratory # 7 IGNEOUS ROCKS
ES 104: Laboratory # 7 IGNEOUS ROCKS Introduction Igneous rocks form from the cooling and crystallization of molten rock material. This can occur below the surface of the earth forming intrusive rocks
More informationChem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 4 Moles & Stoichiometry
Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 4 Moles & Stoichiometry Why? Chemists are concerned with mass relationships in chemical reactions, usually run on a macroscopic scale (grams, kilograms, etc.). To deal with
More informationBOWEN'S REACTION SERIES
BOWEN'S REACTION SERIES Purpose John J. Thomas Frequently, people cannot visualize the mineral associations that form the sequences of igneous rocks that you find in the earth's crust and what happens
More informationIntroduction and Origin of the Earth
Page 1 of 5 EENS 1110 Tulane University Physical Geology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Introduction and Origin of the Earth This page last updated on 30-Jul-2015 Geology, What is it? Geology is the study of
More informationP1: Rock identification (I)
P1: Rock identification (I) Examine the rocks specimens provided with the aid of these notes. All the rocks come from Ireland, as detailed on the attached map. Answer the short question on each specimen
More information1.3 Radioactivity and the age of the solar system
1.3. RADIOACTIVITY AND THE AGE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 57 1.3 Radioactivity and the age of the solar system Most of you are familiar with the phenomenon of radioactive decay: Certain elements have isotopes
More informationSGL 101 MATERIALS OF THE EARTH Lecture 1 C.M.NYAMAI LECTURE 1. 1.0 ORIGIN, STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH
LECTURE 1. 1.0 ORIGIN, STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH 1.1 INTRODUCTION. Welcome to Lecture 1 of this unit. To start with, stop and look around you wherever you are. Take a look at all the things
More informationViscosity experiments: physical controls and implications for volcanic hazards. Ben Edwards Dept of Geology, Dickinson College
Viscosity experiments: physical controls and implications for volcanic hazards Student Name: Ben Edwards Dept of Geology, Dickinson College OBJECTIVES OF LAB Learn about the rheological property called
More informationLecture 23: Terrestrial Worlds in Comparison. This lecture compares and contrasts the properties and evolution of the 5 main terrestrial bodies.
Lecture 23: Terrestrial Worlds in Comparison Astronomy 141 Winter 2012 This lecture compares and contrasts the properties and evolution of the 5 main terrestrial bodies. The small terrestrial planets have
More informationRadiometric Dating. Dating Methods for Igneous Rocks
Radiometric Dating why radiometric? although several different dating techniques are employed, all but radiometric dating is able to estimate ages in timescales relevant to astronomers. How it works Radiometric
More informationInside Earth Chapter 3
Name Hour Due Date Inside Earth Chapter Page 1 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Page 2 Volcanic Activity Page - Mapping Earthquakes and Volcanoes Page 4 Mapping Earthquakes and Volcanoes table Page 5 - Mapping
More informationCHEMICAL SIGNATURES OF ASTEROID IMPACTS
CHEMICAL SIGNATURES OF ASTEROID IMPACTS INTRODUCTION The film The Day the Mesozoic Died identifies the presence of high quantities of iridium (Ir) in the clay layer at the boundary between the Cretaceous
More informationChem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 4 Moles & Stoichiometry Answers
Key Questions & Exercises Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 4 Moles & Stoichiometry Answers 1. The atomic weight of carbon is 12.0107 u, so a mole of carbon has a mass of 12.0107 g. Why doesn t a mole of
More information1. You are about to begin a unit on geology. Can anyone tell me what geology is? The study of the physical earth I.
PLATE TECTONICS ACTIVITY The purpose of this lab is to introduce the concept of plate tectonics and the formation of mountains. Students will discuss the properties of the earth s crust and plate tectonics.
More informationFOURTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
FOURTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FOURTH GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Comparing different structures of volcanoes. LAB: Modeling three types
More informationStudy Guide Questions Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics
Study Guide Questions Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics What evidence did Alfred Wegener present in 1912 to support the idea of continental drift? Why did most geologists at the time dismiss Wegener
More informationThe Main Point. Lecture #34: Solar System Origin II. Chemical Condensation ( Lewis ) Model. How did the solar system form? Reading: Chapter 8.
Lecture #34: Solar System Origin II How did the solar system form? Chemical Condensation ("Lewis") Model. Formation of the Terrestrial Planets. Formation of the Giant Planets. Planetary Evolution. Reading:
More informationChalcophile and Key Element Distribution in the Eastern Goldfields: seismic traverse EGF01. Aleks Kalinowski Geoscience Australia, pmdcrc Y2 project
pmd CR C Chalcophile and Key Element Distribution in the Eastern Goldfields: seismic traverse EGF01 predictive mineral discovery Aleks Kalinowski Geoscience Australia, pmdcrc Y2 project Aleks.Kalinowski@ga.gov.au
More informationEarth Egg Model Teacher Notes
Ancient Greeks tried to explain earthquakes and volcanic activity by saying that a massive bull lay underground and the land shook when it became angry. Modern theories rely on an understanding of what
More informationFIRST GRADE VOLCANOES 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
FIRST GRADE VOLCANOES 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FIRST GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Learning the shapes of volcanoes. LAB: Experimenting with "lava." POST: Comparing
More informationInstrumentation. (Figure 2)
X-Ray Fluorescence Lab Report Nydia Esparza Victoria Rangel Physics of XRF XRF is a non destructive analytical technique that is used for elemental and chemical analysis. X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
More informationEXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY IN PLANETARY SCIENCE
Rocks and Minerals I. OBJECTIVES One of the many ways to study Earth is by examining the rocks that make up its surface. Earth is a dynamic planet, with plate tectonics, water, wind, volcanoes, and mountains.
More informationGeol 101: Physical Geology PAST EXAM QUESTIONS LECTURE 4: PLATE TECTONICS II
Geol 101: Physical Geology PAST EXAM QUESTIONS LECTURE 4: PLATE TECTONICS II 4. Which of the following statements about paleomagnetism at spreading ridges is FALSE? A. there is a clear pattern of paleomagnetic
More informationSECOND GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
SECOND GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF SECOND GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Investigating the parts of a volcano. LAB: Comparing the parts of a
More informationPlate Tectonics Practice Questions and Answers Revised August 2007
Plate Tectonics Practice Questions and Answers Revised August 2007 1. Please fill in the missing labels. 2. Please fill in the missing labels. 3. How many large plates form the outer shell of the earth?
More informationRegents Questions: Plate Tectonics
Earth Science Regents Questions: Plate Tectonics Name: Date: Period: August 2013 Due Date: 17 Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crust is (1) less dense and more basaltic (3) more dense and
More informationLesson 13: Plate Tectonics I
Standards Addressed Lesson 13: Plate Tectonics I Overview Lesson 13 introduces students to geological oceanography by presenting the basic structure of the Earth and the properties of Earth s primary layers.
More informationHot Spots & Plate Tectonics
Hot Spots & Plate Tectonics Activity I: Hawaiian Islands Procedures: Use the map and the following information to determine the rate of motion of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaiian hot spot. The volcano
More informationTitan: The Solar System s Abiotic Petroleum Factory
Titan: The Solar System s Abiotic Petroleum Factory J. Hunter Waite, Ph.D. Institute Scientist Space Science & Engineering Division Southwest Research Institute Titan: The Solar System s Abiotic Petroleum
More informationDYNAMIC CRUST: Unit 4 Exam Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes
DYNAMIC CRUST: Unit 4 Exam Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes NAME: BLOCK: DATE: 1. Base your answer to the following question on The block diagram below shows the boundary between two tectonic plates. Which
More informationRocks & Minerals 1 Mark Place, www.learnearthscience.com
Name: KEY Rocks & Minerals 1 KEY CONCEPT #1: What is a mineral? It is a naturally occurring, inorganic substance which has a definite chemical composition What would be the opposite of this? man-made,
More informationINTRODUCTION. This project is about volcanoes and how they form and how they function. It will also show you the different aspects of a volcano.
BY RYAN O MAHONY INTRODUCTION This project is about volcanoes and how they form and how they function. It will also show you the different aspects of a volcano. MAP OF VOLCANOES AROUND THE WORLD DIAGRAM
More information[Geology Layers of the Earth] [Basic: Grade 2-3] [Advanced: Grade 5: Introduction to Plate Tectonics}
[Geology Layers of the Earth] [Basic: Grade 2-3] [Advanced: Grade 5: Introduction to Plate Tectonics} BACKGROUND Scientists and geologists have been able to do some drilling on Earth. They are also able
More informationFIRST GRADE ROCKS 2 WEEKS LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
FIRST GRADE ROCKS 2 WEEKS LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES ROCK CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FIRST GRADE CHEMISTRY WEEK 1. PRE: Comparing solids, gases, liquids, and plasma. LAB: Exploring how states of matter can change.
More informationThe evolution of alkali basaltic magma based on the study of silicate melt inclusions from Hegyestű and Haláp, Balaton Highland
The evolution of alkali basaltic magma based on the study of silicate melt inclusions from Hegyestű and Haláp, Balaton Highland Klára Kóthay Summary of PhD dissertation PhD Program for Geology and Geophysics
More informationPlate Tectonics. Introduction. Boundaries between crustal plates
Plate Tectonics KEY WORDS: continental drift, seafloor spreading, plate tectonics, mid ocean ridge (MOR) system, spreading center, rise, divergent plate boundary, subduction zone, convergent plate boundary,
More informationLayers of the Earth and Plate Tectonics
Layers of the Earth and Plate Tectonics Objectives: explain various ways the earth can be changed by natural forces define the term Geology define the terms Crust, Mantle, Outer Core and Inner Core classify
More informationRocks and Plate Tectonics
Name: Class: _ Date: _ Rocks and Plate Tectonics Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is a naturally occurring, solid mass of mineral or
More informationData Analysis and Validation Support for PM2.5 Chemical Speciation Networks- #82
Data Analysis and Validation Support for PM2.5 Chemical Speciation Networks- #82 Max R. Peterson and Edward E. Rickman Research Triangle Institute 3040 Cornwallis Road P.O. Box 12194 Research Triangle
More information1 Exploring Earth s Interior
1 Exploring Earth s Interior Crust Mantle Outer Core Crust-to-Mantle Inner Core Cross Section From Surface to Center SCIENCE EXPLORER Focus on Earth Science Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2 Evidence for Continental
More information** Rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals ** 3. Hardness: A measure of resistance to scratching. On the Mohs Scale, it ranges from 1 to 10.
Lab 2: Mineral Lab notes. Minerals are inorganic, solid, naturally occurring substances that have a characteristic chemical compositions, distinctive physical properties, and crystalline structures. Chemical
More informationVolcanoes Around the Globe
Volcanoes Around the Globe Volcanoes fed by relatively silica-rich (SiO 2 -rich) magmas tend to explode while those fed by silica-poor magmas usually erupt gently. Where are the explosive volcanoes and
More informationGEOL1010 Hour Exam 1 Sample
GEOL1010 Hour Exam 1 Sample 1. The inner core of the Earth is composed of a) solid silicate b) liquid silicate magma c) liquid metal d) solid metal e) olivine. 2. The upper mantle of the Earth is composed
More informationName: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Class: Date: Minerals Study Guide Modified True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true.
More informationEarth Science Grade 4 Minerals
Earth Science Grade 4 Minerals Standards: Identifies the physical properties of minerals Teacher Background Minerals are pure substances and mix together to make rocks. Rocks have a cycle and different
More informationThe Petrogenetic Evolution of Lavas from Easter Island and Neighbouring Seamounts, Near-ridge Hotspot Volcanoes in the SE Pacific
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY VOLUME 38 NUMBER 6 PAGES 785 813 1997 The Petrogenetic Evolution of Lavas from Easter Island and Neighbouring Seamounts, Near-ridge Hotspot Volcanoes in the SE Pacific KARSTEN M. HAASE
More informationName: Rocks & Minerals 1 Mark Place, www.learnearthscience.com
Name: Rocks & Minerals 1 KEY CONCEPT #1: What is a mineral? It is a, substance which has a What would be the opposite of this? KEY CONCEPT #2: What causes minerals to have different physical properties?
More informationIsotopic Ratios In Titanʼs Atmosphere: Clues and Challenges
Isotopic Ratios In Titanʼs Atmosphere: Clues and Challenges Titan Science Meeting# St Jacut de-la-mer, France, June 20 th 2011# Conor A. Nixon, # Department of Astronomy# University of Maryland College
More informationScience I Classroom Guide
SkillsTutor Science I Classroom Guide Table of Contents Getting Started... 1 Science I Lessons... 2 Quizzes...2 Tests...2 Science I Lesson Summaries... 3 Life Science...4 Physical Science...6 Earth Science...8
More informationTHE COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH
THE COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH William F McDonough Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA (mcdonough@eps.harvar.edu) Chapter 1 in, EARTHQUAKE
More informationVolcano in the lab: a wax volcano in action: teacher s notes
Volcano in the lab: a wax volcano in action: teacher s notes Level This activity is designed for students aged 11-14, as a simple demonstration of igneous activity. English National Curriculum reference
More informationPlate Tectonics. Learning Guide. Pacific Plate. Pacific Ocean. Divergent boundaries
Plate Tectonics Learning Guide North American Plate Eurasian Plate Arabian Plate Pacific Plate Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Cocos Plate Nazca Plate South American Plate African Plate Convergent boundary
More informationThe dynamics of magma chamber refilling at
Vertical deformation Seismogram Gravity change The dynamics of magma chamber refilling at the Campi Flegrei caldera A. Longo 1, C. Montagna 1, M. Vassalli 2, P. Papale 1, D. Giudice 1, G. Saccorotti 1
More informationAssignment #3: Plate Tectonics
Assignment #3: Plate Tectonics Overview: In this assignment we will examine the ideas of continental drift and of sea-floor spreading that lead to the Theory of Plate Tectonics. This assignment is in two
More informationHow Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form?
298 10.14 INVESTIGATION How Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form? The terrain below contains various features on the seafloor, as well as parts of three continents. Some general observations
More informationGeorgia Performance Standards Framework for Science Grade 6. Unit Organizer: Geology: Inside the Earth (Approximate Time: 7 Weeks)
The following instructional plan is part of a GaDOE collection of Unit Frameworks, Performance Tasks, examples of Student Work, and Teacher Commentary. Many more GaDOE approved instructional plans are
More information24. MELTING RELATIONS AND VISCOSITY OF AN ABYSSAL OLIVINE THOLEIITE
24. MELTING RELATIONS AND VISCOSITY OF AN ABYSSAL OLIVINE THOLEIITE T. Fujii, 1 Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. and I. Kushiro and K. Hamuro, Geological Institute,
More informationTHE COMPOSITION OF EARTH: ROCKS AND MINERALS. Keywords: petrology, petrography, mineralogy, rock classification, crust
THE COMPOSITION OF EARTH: ROCKS AND MINERALS Ruth Siddall University College London, UK Keywords: petrology, petrography, mineralogy, rock classification, crust Contents 1. Introduction 2. Minerals 2.1.
More informationAPPENDIX B: EXERCISES
BUILDING CHEMISTRY LABORATORY SESSIONS APPENDIX B: EXERCISES Molecular mass, the mole, and mass percent Relative atomic and molecular mass Relative atomic mass (A r ) is a constant that expresses the ratio
More informationIUCLID 5 COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS GUIDANCE DOCUMENT: IRON ORES, AGGLOMERATES [EINECS NUMBER 265 996 3, CAS NUMBER 65996 65 8] IRON ORE PELLETS
IUCLID 5 COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS GUIDANCE DOCUMENT: IRON ORES, AGGLOMERATES [EINECS NUMBER 265 996 3, CAS NUMBER 65996 65 8] IRON ORE PELLETS INTRODUCTION Each REACH registrant is required to file its
More informationMetamorphic rocks are rocks changed from one form to another by intense heat, intense pressure, and/or the action of hot fluids.
Metamorphic Rocks, Processes, and Resources Metamorphic rocks are rocks changed from one form to another by intense heat, intense pressure, and/or the action of hot fluids. Protolith or parent rock is
More informationExploring Our World with GIS Lesson Plans Engage
Exploring Our World with GIS Lesson Plans Engage Title: Exploring Our Nation 20 minutes *Have students complete group work prior to going to the computer lab. 2.List of themes 3. Computer lab 4. Student
More informationInvestigation 6: What happens when plates collide?
Tectonics Investigation 6: Teacher Guide Investigation 6: What happens when plates collide? In this activity, students will use the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes in a Web GIS to learn about
More informationWhat is a rock? How are rocks classified? What does the texture of a rock reveal about how it was formed?
CHAPTER 4 1 The Rock Cycle SECTION Rocks: Mineral Mixtures BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is a rock? How are rocks classified? What does
More information1. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire
UNIT 3 EXAM ROCKS AND MINERALS NAME: BLOCK: DATE: 1. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire FRANCONIA, N.H. Crowds
More informationSIXTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
SIXTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF SIXTH GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Comparing the structure of different types of volcanoes. LAB: Plotting
More informationStep 2: Learn where the nearest divergent boundaries are located.
What happens when plates diverge? Plates spread apart, or diverge, from each other at divergent boundaries. At these boundaries new ocean crust is added to the Earth s surface and ocean basins are created.
More information4. Plate Tectonics II (p. 46-67)
4. Plate Tectonics II (p. 46-67) Seafloor Spreading In the early 1960s, samples of basaltic ocean crust were dredged up from various locations across the ocean basins. The samples were then analyzed to
More informationHow can you tell rocks apart?
How can you tell rocks apart? Grade Range: 4-7 G.L.E Focus: 1.1.5 Time Budget: 1 1.5 hours WASL Vocabulary: Overview: Different rocks have different characteristics because of their minerals, the ways
More informationViscosity and Volcano Types
20 LESSON Viscosity and Volcano Types This photo, taken in 1943 in Paricutin, Mexico, shows an eruption of the Paricutin volcano at night. Glowing hot, broken rocks outline the shape of the volcano, called
More informationChapter 2. Igneous Rocks
Chapter 2 Igneous Rocks Most students find the definition of a mineral to be rather long and cumbersome. In contrast, the definition of a rock is short and sweet. A rock is any naturally occurring aggregate
More informationInteractive Plate Tectonics
Interactive Plate Tectonics Directions: Go to the following website and complete the questions below. http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/index.html How do scientists learn about the interior
More informationCalifornia Standards Grades 9 12 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping
California Standards Grades 912 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping Earth Sciences Earth s Place in the Universe 1. Astronomy and planetary exploration reveal the solar system s structure,
More informationIGNEOUS ROCKS. Teacher Guide including Lesson Plans, Student Readers, and More Information
IGNEOUS ROCKS Teacher Guide including Lesson Plans, Student Readers, and More Information Lesson 1 - Rock Cycle Lesson 2 - Formation of Igneous Rocks Lesson 3 - Classification of Igneous Rocks Lesson 4
More information11A Plate Tectonics. What is plate tectonics? Setting up. Materials
11A Plate Tectonics What is plate tectonics? Earth s crust plus the upper mantle forms the lithosphere. Earth s lithosphere is broken in a number of different pieces. How these pieces move and interact
More informationThe Ice Age By: Sue Peterson
www.k5learning.com Objective sight words (pulses, intermittent, isotopes, chronicle, methane, tectonic plates, volcanism, configurations, land-locked, erratic); concepts (geological evidence and specific
More informationGeol 101: Physical Geology Fall 2006 EXAM 1
Geol 101: Physical Geology Fall 2006 EXAM 1 Write your name out in full on the scantron form and fill in the corresponding ovals to spell out your name. Also fill in your student ID number in the space
More informationRocks and Minerals What is right under your feet?
Rocks and Minerals What is right under your feet? Name: 1 Before you start What do you already know? What is the difference between a rock and a mineral? What are the three categories of rocks? 1. 2. 3.
More informationCLASS TEST GRADE 11. PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY Test 6: Chemical change
CLASS TEST GRADE PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY Test 6: Chemical change MARKS: 45 TIME: hour INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION. Answer ALL the questions. 2. You may use non-programmable calculators. 3. You may
More informationCHAPTER 9 Part 1. = 5 wt% Sn-95 wt% Pb C β. = 98 wt% Sn-2 wt% Pb. = 77 wt% Ag-23 wt% Cu. = 51 wt% Zn-49 wt% Cu C γ. = 58 wt% Zn-42 wt% Cu
CHAPTER 9 Part 1 9.5 This problem asks that we cite the phase or phases present for several alloys at specified temperatures. (a) For an alloy composed of 15 wt% Sn-85 wt% Pb and at 100 C, from Figure
More informationRapid Changes in Earth s Surface
TEKS investigate rapid changes in Earth s surface such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and landslides Rapid Changes in Earth s Surface Constant Changes Earth s surface is constantly changing. Wind,
More informationGETTING TO THE CORE: THE LINK BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND CARBON DIOXIDE
DESCRIPTION This lesson plan gives students first-hand experience in analyzing the link between atmospheric temperatures and carbon dioxide ( ) s by looking at ice core data spanning hundreds of thousands
More information