Writing An MA Thesis Paper

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1 Writing An MA Thesis Paper Karl Whelan School of Economics, UCD May 21, 2010 Karl Whelan (UCD) Writing An MA Thesis Paper May 21, / 13

2 Part I About Writing Karl Whelan (UCD) Writing An MA Thesis Paper May 21, / 13

3 Writing Skills: More Important Than You Think What makes a good thesis? Forget about objectivity beauty is in the eye of the beholder. A good thesis is one that the grader thinks is good. So, to do well, you need to explain well what you are doing to somebody else. Your ideas and results won t sell themselves. How you communicate your work is of crucial importance. There is no point in having an interesting piece of research that nobody understands or sees the point of. The white coat mentality that economists are mainly scientists who then do a write-up of our results is wrong. Writing is an essential part of the research process, not a last-minute thing to be rushed. Karl Whelan (UCD) Writing An MA Thesis Paper May 21, / 13

4 Start by Avoiding Very Bad Writing People get very sensitive about their writing. If you are a native English speaker and you have a degree, you probably think you know how to write and communicate well. Chances are, you are wrong. Most MA students and even many professional PhD-qualified economists write very poorly. Good writing is hard to define. Bad writing is easy to spot. A badly-written thesis will have: 1 Words spelled wrong. 2 Missing words. 3 Sentences that don t make sense or aren t even sentences. 4 Poor use of punctuation full stops, commas etc. This annoys the reader because it makes things harder to read but also because it s so easy to prevent. It suggests you didn t take the time to be careful. Karl Whelan (UCD) Writing An MA Thesis Paper May 21, / 13

5 What To Do About It? Read, re-read, edit, and re-edit. Do this as you go along. Don t wait until the end: Read and edit after you ve written a page. This can correct most of the common errors of style, grammar, and spelling that occur in the writing process. Use spell checks but don t rely on them. Grammar: There are rules about how to use commas, colons, semi-colons, full stops, about what defines a sentence. If you re not sure, try to learn these rules. A couple of examples 1 Warning! Don t use the grocer s apostrophe: Five apple s for sale. 2 Use commas within a sentence to mark out separate elements of thought within a sentence. If you re not a native English speaker, get someone to read your writing for you and make honest suggestions. Karl Whelan (UCD) Writing An MA Thesis Paper May 21, / 13

6 Writing Style 1 Write like a human. Some people think they are impressing if they use lots of fancy phrases or terminology. Generally, they are not. It comes across as you guessing how it is that academics write and then getting it wrong. 2 Give us the sense that you found this interesting. If this means stopping every so often and saying Here s what I think is the interesting result in this table then do so. 3 Don t be repetitive. Don t make the same point in three different parts of a paper. Try not to use the same word or phrase two or three times in a sentence. 4 Avoid acronyms if possible. The TSLS compared with OLS show smaller SEs and but the SUR SEs are higher... That kind of thing. 5 Use footnotes sparingly. If it s interesting, put it in the paper. If it s boring, maybe you don t need it. Karl Whelan (UCD) Writing An MA Thesis Paper May 21, / 13

7 Part II Organising A Paper Karl Whelan (UCD) Writing An MA Thesis Paper May 21, / 13

8 Writing A Paper Isn t Writing an Essay For most of you, this is the first time that you have written anything of this length, so part of the problem is getting used to a new form of communication. Structure: Set out a clear structure so that people can get a good idea of what you re doing in each section. Tells us what the structure is going to be and then make it clear at the start of each section what purpose it serves. Organization. Are all the self-references correct? ( Recall that in Section 3, we showed that... ) References: Check that they are all there. Write them into the bibliography as soon as you ve added them to the paper. Keep the effort up. Some papers read like the person was enjoying writing it but then got tired and it peters out. Karl Whelan (UCD) Writing An MA Thesis Paper May 21, / 13

9 Introductions Introductions are very important because they set up the reader to understand what your topic is and what you are going to do in your paper. Quickly explain two things: 1 Why is the topic of your paper interesting? 2 What are YOU doing? What is YOUR contribution? A new question? An existing question but new methodology? Existing question, existing methodology, new data (e.g. no previous Irish application)? 3 Be willing to give an outline of what your results are but don t get into the details. Because of its importance, spend comparatively more time on the introduction. But don t make it too long. Three pages is more than enough. Conclusions, on the other hand, should be kept short and to the point. Karl Whelan (UCD) Writing An MA Thesis Paper May 21, / 13

10 Literature Reviews You need to explain your contribution. So it needs to be put in context. This will require discussion of previous studies in this area. But please don t just mindlessly list a load of various weakly related studies. X (2005) did this. Y (1999) did that. Z (2004) did something else. This is really boring for a reader. Grouping studies together by type may be a better way of explaining it than listing lots of individual studies. So, for example, say There are three main areas of previous research. Then at the end of the discussion of each group, provide an indication of the state of play. The main purpose is to set up your contribution, and place it in context relative to previous work. Karl Whelan (UCD) Writing An MA Thesis Paper May 21, / 13

11 Describing Empirical Results Be clear about your data sources. Tables should essentially speak for themselves. Label everything well. Add notes to the bottom of tables to be clear about what everything means. Use charts to explain your data and results if possible. Writing up your results doesn t mean discussing every number on every table. Try to tell us the story about what the main thing to take away from a table is, e.g. Table 1 shows that the average estimate of the elasticity is about 0.5. If the results aren t standard regression coefficients, perhaps explain exactly what one of the numbers means for illustration. Don t put too many numbers in tables, and don t have too many tables or charts. And people won t care too much about the 100 variations on the base regression that you tried. You can describe the jist of some robustness checks (and perhaps report them in an appendix). Karl Whelan (UCD) Writing An MA Thesis Paper May 21, / 13

12 Presentation: Be Professional! A well-written good-looking paper helps convince serious readers that you too are serious, and that your paper is worth the time. Space out your paper. Short paragraphs, regular section demarcations. Bite-size bits that people can absorb. Every page should have at least three paragraphs. Get your references right. This part of MA or PhD theses is usually mess. It s not so hard: Just copy AER style and be consistent. Talk a long hard look at every single page before handing it in for serious consideration. Consider using LaTex it s free and it looks much better. Karl Whelan (UCD) Writing An MA Thesis Paper May 21, / 13

13 How to Use Your Time You have up to August 20 to submit your thesis. This may seem like a long time but it s not really. Don t leave all the writing until the last weeks. Even if you don t have results now, you can write a literature review section. It s worth working on your introduction now also to help you think about what the purpose of the paper is. Try to have the empirical results you want in the thesis settled with your supervisor by the middle of July. Establish your supervisor s availability over the summer so that you can get feedback. Get them a pretty final version of your paper at least a week before submission date so they can read it and give feedback. Karl Whelan (UCD) Writing An MA Thesis Paper May 21, / 13

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