Reproductive- essential parts. Reproduction. Male (and route of sperm) Testis. Sperm 12/1/2011. Gonads: ovaries or testes
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1 1 Reproduction Reproductive- essential parts Gonads: ovaries or testes Produce gametes = sperm/egg Ducts Accessory glands Externals Cell division process Halves the number of chromosomes in cell Produces gametes Human gametes have 23 chromosomes Male (and route of sperm) Testis (in scrotum) -source of sperm Source of testosterone Epididymis- route for sperm out of testis Ductus deferens-route for sperm out of scrotum (vas deferens) Ejaculatory duct-route of sperm through prostate to urethra Urethra-route from prostate out of body Testis Sperm Suspended in scrotum, separated by a connective tissue septum which divides the scrotum into 2 chambers In the developing fetus, the testis develop higher in the abdominal cavity, near the kidney, then drop, so that at birth they are in/nearly in the scrotum. Failure to properly descend does occurthis is addressed by surgery. Parts of sperm include the head containing genetic material and covered by the acrosome, the midpiececontaining many mitochondria to power the flagellum which propels the sperm
2 2 Semen Accessory structures 2-5 mls/ ejaculation * million sperm/ml Fluids from glands previously mentioned Enzymes to thin vaginal/cervical mucus Sperm can survive up to 3 days Seminal vesicles: 2 of these, located on posterior wall of bladder superior to prostate, generating most of the fluid that will be in semen. From Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Fredrick Martini, 6 th ed. P Accessory structures Prostate: contributes more fluid to semen, which may activate sperm (among other functions) BPH with normal aging More aging: decrease testosterone, decrease sperm Accessory structures Bulbourethral glands (cowpers): at base of penis; secretions (alkaline mucus) wash out the urethra prior to ejaculation Hormone relationships-male Controls Testosterone has a negative feednback relationship with FSH/LH Inhibin is released from sustentacular cells, when sperm count is high. Inhibin also inhibits FSH/LH (negative feedback) The penis is divided into 3 regions of spongy erectile tissue (2 copora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum). These compartments contain many blood vessels, which at rest receive a limited blood supply Erection
3 3 Pathologies With arousal, the arteries supplying these vessels dilate, flooding the area with blood and inflating the penis Testicular torsion Cryptorchidism Hernia Phimosis Testicular torsion Hernia Twisting of the spermatic cord. Acutely painful, better with elevation. Protrusion of a portion of the intestine through the inguinal canal Requires emergency surgery, because the twisting will compromise blood flow to the teste. Phimosis Pathologies The foreskin opening is constricted and fails to retract. This can result in difficulty with urination or strangulation of the glans STDs/STI Herpes HIV HPV Syphillis Gonorrhea Chlamydia
4 4 Pathologies Female (and route of egg) Cancer (prostate, testicular) Prostate Cancer vs BPH (see 492) Testicular cancer 95+% survival over 5 years, with early detection Ovaries (in abdomen) - source of estrogen, progesterone eggs Fallopian (uterine) tube-route for egg out of ovary Uterus- where fertilized egg will normally implant Cervix- opening of uterus out to vagina Vagina - route from cervix/uterus out of body Ovary Ovary Suspended and enclosed by ligaments (Ovarian and broad) About 2 inches long, 1 inch wide Immature eggs (primary oocytes) have been created in the ovary between 2 and 7 months gestation, then development is halted Cells in the ovary produce estrogens, which produce (among other things) changes in the uterus and breast tissue. After ovulation, cells released along with the egg (the corpus luteum)begin to secrete progestrone, which also promotes growth of the uterine lining days after ovulation, the corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone levels drop and the uterine lining is sloughed as menstrual bleeding The ovarian and menstrual cycles Regular cycles of hormone variations that result in ovulation and changes to the uterine lining, providing an opportunity for an egg to be fertilized and the fertile egg to implant in the uterus -Estrogen starts building of uterine lining -FSH/LH spike, resulting in ovulation -Progesterone furthers uterine lining build-up. -Corpus luteum degrades, progesterone levels fall, blood vessels of lining constrict, resulting in menses.
5 5 The hormone interactions-female The ovarian cycle In the event of a fertilization, cells around the developing embryo secrete hcg (human Chorionic Gonadotrophin, which sustains the corpus luteum (and thereby, progesterone). The placenta develops and adds to hormone production. During the ovarian cycle, a follicle containing the oocyte ( egg ) develops. The follicle cells surrounding the egg produce estrogens. Ovulation is the release of the egg. The follicle cells that had surrounded the egg remain in the ovary, forming the corpus luteum, a source of progesterone for about 10 days The uterine cycle By convention, begins on the 1 st day of menstrual bleeding. (1-5) 6-14 Proliferative phase : the uterine lining (endometrium) is rebuilding d/t increased estrogens 14-28: Secretory phase : glands formed in the endometrium are secreting nutrients to support the (hypothetical) embryo Uterine tubes Lined by an epithelium (ciliated columnar) and having smooth muscle in the wall The end opening to the ovary has extensions called fimbriae which wave about, creating a current surrounding fluid that sweeps the released egg into the opening of the uterine tube. Uterus The mid-portion of the wall is the myometrium smooth muscle A surface covering like a serous membrane is the perimetrium The inner layer is the endometrium, which is a columnar epithelium on top of a very glandular layer. Vagina Lined by a stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized) with many glands, surrounded by smooth muscle The wall is formed with rugae Normally contains a population of bacteria, which help to limit pathogens (harmful bacteria)
6 6 Menopause When the ovarian cells no longer produce estrogen enough to keep the cycles going. Amenorrhea- absence of expected period. d/t low body fat, stress, schedule disruption Hormone replacement therapy is used to relieve symptoms associated with menopause. Decreases hot flashes and osteoporosis Increases breast cancer and blood clots Dysmenorrhea-pain with menstruation (cramps) Endometriosis-migration of the endometrial layer to locations other than the uterus. This tissue still responds to hormones. Can result in dysmenorreha, infertility (if tissue blocks ducts) Fibroids Myoma- tumor of uterine smooth muscle Heavy/abnormal bleeding Various causes Ovarian cancer Endometrial cancer Cervical cancer Pap smear HPV vaccine
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