A GIS-BASED APPROACH FOR THE ENERGY ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF URBAN HOUSING STOCKS. Alessio Mastrucci

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1 A GIS-BASED APPROACH FOR THE ENERGY ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF URBAN HOUSING STOCKS Alessio Mastrucci

2 OVERVIEW Life Cycle Assessment of buildings at the urban scale Building refurbishment and environmental impact Demolition waste management and valorization alternatives 2

3 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS AT THE URBAN SCALE

4 BUILDING SECTOR IN EUROPE: 40% OF THE FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION Source: Directive 2010/31/EU Photo: Alessio Mastrucci

5 PRODUCTION CONSTRUCTION LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OPERATION RECYCLING DISMISSION REFURBISHMENT

6 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) Source: ESRI 6

7 OBJECTIVES Framework for the LCA of existing urban housing stocks GIS-based bottom-up approach (building-by-building) Production / Phase de construction Production / stage construction Building operation Refurbishment Utilisation des bâtiments Rénovation Use stage Phase d utilisation End of life stage Phase de fin de vie 7

8 METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW GIS data processing Building geometry Building stock characterization Building envelope Technical systems Building Stock DB GIS visualization Maps: results and inventory Energy model Building energy demand and energy savings Life Cycle Assessment Environmental impact assessment 8

9 CASE STUDY Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg) Population (2014): Housing stock (2014): ~6400 residential buildings ~ dwellings RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS < >1995 9

10 GEOSPATIAL DATA - PROCESSING BUILDING FOOTPRINTS DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS 10

11 GIS DATA AND PROCESSING Building geometry (building-by-building) Digital Elevation Models (DSM) Height of buildings Building gross volume Heated floor surface Surface of outer walls Housing type (detached house, row house) Georef. building footprints 11

12 BUILDING AND MATERIAL STOCK CHARACTERIZATION Building type and period of construction Representative building elements - retrofitting operations Walls Roofs Floor Windows Distribution in the stock GIS data + stochastic Energy calculation - LCA for two retrofitting scenarios No retrofit Retrofit Utilisation Heating energy des bâtimentsretrofitting Rénovation Phase d utilisation Phase de fin de vie 12

13 BUILDING REFURBISHMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

14 BUILDING STOCK RETROFITTING Objectives Assessment at the building stock level of: Energy consumption and savings potential Environmental impact reduction potential Building operation Use stage Refurbishment End of life stage LCA of retrofitting residential buildings according to EN Database Ecoinvent 2.2. Method CML 2-baseline Ref: Mastrucci et al. A GIS-based approach for the energy analysis and life cycle assessment of urban housing stocks, SBE Conference 2016, Zurich 14

15 BUILDING STOCK RETROFITTING Retrofitting operation and methodology Retrofitting operations: U-values (W/m 2 K) according to national regulation limits. External wall insulation Roof insulation Ground floor insulation Windows replacement Material production and transportation included in the LCA. Methodology: Energy model based on national regulation Monthly energy balance. Ref: Règlement Grand-Ducal du 26 mai Performance energetique des batiments d habitations et fonctionnels, Luxembourg. 15

16 . RESULTS Final energy consumption of residential buildings Maximum 3rd quartile Median 1st quartile Minimum Outliers excluded. 16

17 Energy savings potential (GWh/a). RESULTS Total energy savings potential < > Total contribution: Row houses <1970: 36% Multi-Family <1970: 33% Multi-family : 15% 10 0 Single-family houses Row-houses Multi-family houses 17

18 < >1995 < >1995 < >1995 NR R NR R NR R NR R NR R NR R NR R NR R NR R Global Warmming Potential (kg CO 2 / m 2 y). RESULTS LCA of housing retrofitting Average Global Warming Potential (No Retrofit / Retrofit) Refurbishment phase Operational phase Reduction potential: 33-45% buildings < Retrofit stage: Contribution 4-10% in the retrofit scenario 0 Single-family houses Row-houses Multi-family houses 18

19 Envir. impact (EU inhab. eq /m 2 y). RESULTS LCA of housing retrofitting in Esch-sur-Alzette Average normalized impact (No Retrofit / Retrofit) Refurbishment phase Operational phase Reduction potential: 31-33% ADP, GWP, ODP << AP, EP, POCP NR R NR R NR R NR R NR R NR R ADP AP EP GWP ODP POCP Impact category Retrofit stage: Average contribution in the retrofit scenario: 7-9% ADP, GWP 35-47% AP, EP 19

20 . RESULTS LCA of housing retrofitting in Esch-sur-Alzette 20

21 CONCLUSIONS GIS-based building-by-building approach: promising for the LCA of building stocks at the urban scale. Potential of building retrofitting: 35% energy savings potential, 31% GWP reduction. Retrofitting stage: contribution of 4 to 10% on GWP in the retrofitting scenario, higher for some impact categories. 21

22 OUTLOOK Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in collaboration with Mines ParisTech (France). Simplified models to support decision about buildings in Luxembourg scalable to the urban, regional or national level. Validation of results against measured and statistical data at several scales. 22

23 OUTLOOK Implementation in the Smart City and Region Energy web-platform Powered by iguess 2.0 URL: 23

24 DEMOLITION WASTE MANAGEMENT: LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF VALORIZATION ALTERNATIVES

25 . CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE C&DW 33% OF THE TOTAL WASTE IN EUROPE Source: Eurostat. Statistics explained, Waste statistics. 25

26 . WASTE GENERATION Waste generation in EU-28, 2012 (Kg per inhabitant) Luxembourg Mineral waste: kg/inhab. EU-28 average: 3156 kg/inhab. Source: Eurostat Waste statistics 26

27 . WASTE FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE Directive 2008/98/EC on waste By 2020, the re-use, recycling and other recovery of non-hazardous C&DW excluding naturally occurring material shall be increased to a minimum of 70 % by weight Source: 27

28 . URBAN MINING Novel segment of the construction industry where urban areas are mined instead of the bedrock. Ref: Johansson et al. (2016) Urban Mining as a Case for PSS Source: 28

29 . OBJECTIVES Quantify the stock of materials in residential buildings at the city scale Assess the potential environmental impact for demolition waste treatment scenarios for decision support Building operation Use stage Refurbishment End of life stage 29

30 . THE WEIGHT OF THE CITY Material stock of residential buildings in Esch-sur-Alzette Key: SFH Single-Family Houses MFH Multi-Family Houses 30

31 . THE WEIGHT OF THE CITY Material stock of residential buildings in Esch-sur-Alzette How much material per person? Concrete Masonry Other inerts Wood Others 33 t /person 42 t /person 24 t /person 4 t /person 2 t /person ~ 105 tonnes per person! 31

32 THE WEIGHT OF THE CITY Material stock of residential buildings in Esch-sur-Alzette 32

33 . THE WEIGHT OF THE CITY Material stock of residential buildings in Esch-sur-Alzette 33

34 . THE WEIGHT OF THE CITY Material stock of residential buildings in Esch-sur-Alzette 34

35 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT Building operation Use stage Refurbishment End of life stage LCA of end-of-life according to EN Database Ecoinvent 2.2. Method CML 2-baseline Stages included: Demolition, transportation, waste treatment, recycling/downcycling. Main input data: Plan general de gestion des dechets (Luxembourg), STATEC data, previous work. 35

36 END-OF-LIFE SCENARIOS Concrete Brick, Other inerts Landfill Incineration Recycling / Downcycling Plaster Float glass Insulating materials Bitumen Wood Metals 36

37 END-OF-LIFE IMPACT Abiotic Depletion Potential Acidific. Potential Eutrophic. Potential Global Warming Potential Ozone Depletion Potential Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential 37

38 . END-OF-LIFE IMPACT Global Warming Potential (GWP) of the end-of-life stage Key: SFH Single-Family Houses MFH Multi-Family Houses 38

39 END-OF-LIFE SCENARIOS Inert materials Scenario 1: Business as usual Scenario 2: Increased downcycling 50% Landfill, 50% Downcycling 30% Landfill, 70% Downcycling to Landfill Demolition to Landfill to Sorting plant to Downcycling 39

40 . RESULTS Environmental Impact of the end-of-life of concrete 40

41 . RESULTS Average environmental impact end-of-life Reduction potential: 26% ADP 9% GWP 41

42 CONCLUSIONS Material stock and end-of-life scenarios Buildings before 1949 embed over 54% of the material mass in the city, mostly composed of inert materials. Pushing downcycling of inert materials to 70%: potential reduction -25.6% on Abiotic Depletion Potential, -9.2% on Global Warming Potential. The impact of the different scenarios on land use will be evaluated in a future step. 42

43 THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION! Acknowledgements: DAEDALUS Postdoc Project Supported by the Fonds National de la Recherche, Luxembourg